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From the TurfNet NewsDesk

  • John Reitman
    A lot has changed during James Drinkard's long career as a superintendent — except where he went to work every day for nearly a half-century. 
    Drinkard (right) of Athens Country Club recently was named Superintendent of the Year by the Georgia GCSA. He has worked at the club for 45 years.
    Drinkard's career began at Athens, a 27-hole Donald Ross design, when he was in high school, working for $1.85 per hour.
    When accepting the award, Drinkard credited his father-in-law, Buzz Howell, longtime colleagues Bill Hunt and Chris Thornton, and many turfgrass students from the University of Georgia for his success.
    The award was one of many presented at the association's recent annual meeting and banquet at King and Prince Beach and Golf Resort on St. Simons Island.
    Also recognized at the meeting that was attended by nearly 250 people was outgoing executive director Tenia Workman who will retire at the end of the year after 22 years heading the association. Georgia GCSA president Tim Busek, the former superintendent at St. Ives Country Club in Johns Creek, will take over for Workman, who was presented with an E-Z-Go golf car in recognition of her years of service.

    Tenia Workman is retiring at the end of the year as executive director of the Georgia GCSA. She has headed the association since 2002. Georgia GCSA photo At the annual meeting, members also elected Brad Tremmier of RiverPines Golf in Johns Creek as vice president and Scott Slemp of Piedmont Driving Club in Atlanta as secretary-treasurer.
    Members also renewed Heath Allen's turn on the board of directors for another term. Allen is superintendent at Kinderlou Forest Golf Club in Valdosta. Also elected to the board were Lucas Walters of Ocean Forest Golf Club on Sea Island and Ronald McWhorter of Reynolds Lake Oconee.
    In other association news:
    The late Jim Dusch, who spent much of his career at Hawks Ridge Golf Club in Ball Ground, was inducted to the Georgia GCSA Hall of Fame. Chris Steigelman, CGCS at The Landings Golf and Athletic Club in Savannah, received the Distinguished Service Award. Travis Goss, also from The Landings Golf and Athletic Club, was named Assistant Superintendent of the Year. Steve Gonyea, CGCS at Brasstown Valley Resort and Spa in Young Harris, won the Environmental Leader in Golf Award. Jud James of Whitewater Creek Country Club in Fayetteville, and Mike Waldron, former executive director of the Georgia State Golf Association, each received a 30-year membership pin. John Leach of Bent Tree Country Club in Jasper, and Rocky Dreibrodt of Corbin Turf and Ornamental Supply, each accepted 25-year pins. Philip Soukup of The Landings Golf and Athletic Club in Savannah, won the hashtag competition with the slogan #NEWBEGINNINGS2025.
  • Advanced Turf Solutions and The Aquatrols Co. recently released a new co-branded soil surfactant.
    HydroPak Adapt is an infiltration and hydration surfactant designed to help users prolong hydration by maximizing absorption of water from rain or irrigation.
    Adapt's formula addresses hydrophobicity and water acceptance in soils during drought periods, helping users conserve water and minimize their labor needs. It allows water to infiltrate fast, reducing the risk of runoff and standing water while creating firmer surfaces.
    Adapt is the latest addition to the HydroPak line of soil surfactants created through collaboration by Advanced Turf Solutions and Aquatrols.
    Based in Fishers, Indiana, Advanced Turf Solutions is an employee-owned distributor of turf and ornamental products, including fertilizers, pesticides, seed and ice melt for the golf, sports field and lawn care markets. The company was founded in 2001 and today has 26 outlets across the country serving customers in 30 states.
    Aquatrols is a solutions-based company that is part of Lamberti, a global specialty chemicals manufacturer headquartered in Italy, engaged in the development and production of innovative solutions for a variety of application markets including the golf turf market.
  • It was William Shakespeare who, in the 1590s, wrote the words: "What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet."
    According to the fathers of Romeo and Juliet, a name means a great deal.
    A name also means much in the turfgrass world, where it is not every day that a product's moniker is changed after it is released. The University of Georgia recently changed the name of its SeaBreeze variety of vegetative seashore paspalum turfgrass to SeaScape. The name change was prompted when officials at Georgia learned that their new variety of paspalum, released almost two years ago, shared the same name (albeit without an uppercase "B") with a variety of creeping fescue from Pure Seed of Canby, Oregon.
    Pure Seed's Seabreeze was initially launched in 1992, with its successor, Seabreeze GT, coming on the market in 2003. The University of Georgia release came in January 2023. 
    Georgia turf breeders chose the SeaBreeze label to continue the university's tradition of naming its salt-tolerant paspalum varieties with the "Sea" prefix paired with a word that invokes images of waterfront golf courses and lawns. Earlier releases have labels such as SeaIsle 1, SeaIsle 2000, SeaIsle Supreme and SeaStar.

    The University of Georgia changed the name of its SeaBreeze seashore paspalum to SeaScape after breeders learned that their new turfgrass variety shared the same name with a creeping fescue from Oregon. The newly rebranded SeaScape is a vegetative seashore paspalum cultivar tested in NTEP trials at a variety of locations under the experimental name UGP 73. It stood out, breeders say, for traits such as excellent turf quality under a range of mowing heights as well as improved drought and salt tolerance.
    From 2011 to 2013, UGP 73 was the top-performing entry in overall turf quality out of 80 entries in the initial two-year SCRI drought trials.
    Some of the characteristics of SeaScape include:
    Exceptional vigor Improved drought tolerance Incredible color Great turf quality and density  Superior shade tolerance  Medium to fine leaf texture Good resistance to dollar spot disease, (Clarireedia sp.) High-quality sod with good tensile strength  Adding to the confusion around the duplication of brand labels is that names of seeded and vegetative are protected by different groups with mutually exclusive databases. Seeded variety names are protected under PVP (Plant Variety Protection), and vegetatively propagated varieties are typically protected through the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. It is not uncommon for names used in different market segments to be similar or the same without causing confusion. Although a cool-season seeded fine fescue is not likely to be confused with a warm-season vegetatively propagated seashore paspalum, Pure Seed had protected the variety name Seabreeze GT under PVP prior to the University of Georgia acquiring name protection under trademark.
    The team at Pure Seed and turfgrass breeders at Georgia have a longstanding collaborative relationship that made navigating through the confusion and ensuing name change go smoothly. 
    "Pure Seed values its long-standing partnership with the University of Georgia, and their history of successful collaboration on numerous variety developments," said Crystal Rose-Fricker, president of Pure Seed and Pure-Seed Testing Inc. "While we recognize the importance of distinct product names for effective marketing, we believe that open dialogue and cooperation are essential to resolving any naming conflicts."
    Pure Seed and Pure-Seed Testing were founded by Rose-Fricker's late father, Bill Rose. The companies have developed and partnered in the development of hundreds of turf cultivars.
    When it was brought to the attention of breeders at Georgia, they immediately began seeking a new name.
    "SeaScape was an excellent alternative name for our new grass variety," said UGA’s Paul Raymer, Ph.D., who developed the cultivar. "It contains the word 'Sea' and by adding 'Scape' as the suffix, it makes you think of the word 'landscape.' As SeaScape is ideal for use on golf courses, athletic fields, home lawns and other recreational venues, it was a perfect solution, and everything turned out just fine."
    SeaScape has been licensed domestically to Creekside Growers of Arcadia, Florida and Sun Turf of Fort Pierce, Florida and internationally to Semillas Fito in Spain to market the turf throughout southern Europe and northern Africa. 
    SeaScape produced in the U.S. in Florida is available for sale, and European production is expected to be ready for sale in 2025.
  • Advanced Turf Solutions will complete the acquisition of Atlantic Golf & Turf in January. Advanced Turf Solutions Inc. will acquire Atlantic Golf & Turf in a deal that is expected to close at the beginning of the year.
    Based in Fishers, Indiana, Advanced Turf Solutions is an employee-owned distributor of turf and ornamental products, including fertilizers, pesticides, seed and ice melt for the golf, sports field and lawn care markets. The company was founded in 2001 and today has 26 outlets in Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin. 
    Atlantic Golf & Turf has been serving customers throughout the New England region with products and technical expertise since its founding in 2010 by Stan Button, Chris Cowan, Allan Smith and Scott and Gregg Mackintosh. Located in Turners Falls, Massachusetts, Atlantic Golf and Turf is a distributor of dozens of fertilizer and plant nutrient products for the golf and lawn care markets. The company also is one of the East Coast's largest blenders of grass seed.
    "This acquisition represents a significant milestone in our company’s growth, and we are excited about the opportunities to better serve our customers in the Northeast," said Scott Brame, CEO of Advanced Turf Solutions. "We are also proud to honor the legacy of Atlantic Cares and continue to support its cancer research initiatives on a bigger scale."
    The Atlantic Golf & Turf name will remain in use during a transition period of up to three years, ensuring continuity and a seamless experience for customers.
    Although the Atlantic Golf & Turf brand eventually will transition to Advanced Turf Solutions, its foundation, Atlantic Cares, will continue to operate and support cancer research under its current name.
    "This partnership enhances our ability to deliver exceptional service while maintaining the trusted relationships we’ve built over the years," Mackintosh said. "As an Advanced Turf Solutions company, our customers will have access to a broader product offering and the ability to walk in and pick up orders from seven Advanced Turf Solutions stores conveniently located throughout the Northeast."
    This acquisition marks Advanced Turf Solutions’ second major expansion in the Northeast, following completion of its transaction with Valley Green, also expected to close around January 1.
  • For most of the nearly eight years that Allen and Katie Dobbs have been married, their life together has been relatively normal. At least as normal as a golf course superintendent couple could hope for.
    That all changed in March when Allen, the head superintendent at three-course Kingsmill Resort in Williamsburg, Virginia, began having seizures in his sleep. 
    After Hobbs spent a week in a Virginia hospital, doctors were not able to reach any conclusions and dismissed his seizures as epilepsy. Since October, Dobbs, 33, has been having seizures daily and sometimes multiple times per day, said Katie.
    Those seizures have become severe and sometimes violent, with one lasting as long as 18 hours. Dobbs has since been diagnosed with Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures, which is described by the Cleveland Clinic as "attacks that resemble epilepsy-related seizures that are due to underlying psychological distress, not abnormal electrical activity in your brain." Each event is preceded by an aura, or advance seizure, that warns Dobbs of what is coming. It takes anywhere from just a few minutes to 40 minutes or more before he can return to normal activity, his wife says. 
    "Today, he's called me three times from work," Katie said. "I know that at some point tonight he's going to have a seizure."
    The family is hoping to get a service dog specifically trained for people who suffer from seizures. A service dog could be trained to recognize an aura and thus anticipate an oncoming seizure, warn a family member or colleague that an episode has occurred and stay with the patient until the event has passed. Such a dog can cost between $15,000 and $20,000, and Katie has established a GoFundMe account to help cover the cost of the dog.
    "It's hard. This has been a lot," Katie said. "We have to learn how to get used to our new normal. A dog would help us with that so we can start living our lives again."
    Coinciding with the escalation in the severity of seizures was the October death of Dobbs' paternal grandmother, Peggy Dobbs, in Collinsville, Alabama. The trauma associated with the death of a loved one jolted a deep secret free from the recesses of Dobbs' subconscious, as he suddenly recalled an undisclosed ordeal from his youth.
    "In October, his personality completely changed," Katie said. "It was immediately after the funeral in Alabama."
    Dobbs, who is father to Anderson, age 4, and 2-year-old Shepard, experienced an episode at work while driving a utility vehicle on one of Kingsmill's three golf courses. A tree was the only thing between him and driving over a cliff to almost certain death — literally.
    Going to work each day — and making the hour-long drive each way — has necessitated developing a set of protocols if he feels a seizure coming on while away from home. Those plans include pulling off the road at the onset of an aura, turning off the car and remaining seated in a reclining position until the episode has ended.
    "That's when I really think a dog would be most helpful. It can stay with him and comfort him until he reboots," Katie said. “Sometimes, his pride gets in the way. He’s the provider of our family and he wants to provide us with a good life."
    According to Dobbs' care team that includes doctors, a psychologist and a therapist, the seizures can be treated with psychotherapy. His providers have said it is likely that the episodes eventually will decrease in number and severity, but probably will never cease entirely.
    "We're in a battle," Katie said. "In the end, I know the Lord will see us through this. That's what gets us through this every day."
  • The FairWays Foundation has made a $25,000 donation to Audubon International as part of its 2024 grant cycle.
    The FairWays Foundation, established five years ago by Aquatrols to help fund environmental initiatives, announced in October that it will distribute $119,040 to 11 environmental projects worldwide this year, including Audubon International's Monarchs In The Rough program.
    Established in 2019 by former Aquatrols president and CEO Matt Foster, the FairWays Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing conservation and environmental stewardship. By providing grants to both small and large-scale projects, the foundation addresses environmental challenges and supports educational initiatives worldwide.
    With the latest round of grants, the foundation has now donated a total of $1.1 million to 59 conservation initiatives across the United States, Canada, Europe and Africa.
    "Monarchs In The Rough is one of our most popular and vital ongoing conservation initiatives, with participants within and outside the United States," said Audubon International CEO Christine Kane. "This grant will go a long way in helping golf courses do their part to bolster Monarch populations along their Western Hemisphere migration corridors."
    The 2024 grant cycle included a diverse range of projects that also includes the GreenerGolf Network conference that serves to inspire golf clubs throughout the United Kingdom to meet the industry's environmental challenges and the AquaArborAware project that focuses on river and forest conservation education in the Anumle community in Ghana. Other notable projects included eco-pond restoration, heathland regeneration and various on-course ecology and sustainability initiatives.
    Audubon International's Monarchs In The Rough program helps golf courses establish milkweed habitat where the endangered butterflies can lay eggs during their seasonal migration periods. Grant funds will be used to provide regionally appropriate milkweed seeds and program signs to participating courses.
  • Dormant turf can be an excellent playing surface for golfers. However, the color can be off-putting for those who equate toasty brown Bermudagrass with dead or unhealthy turf.
    Superintendents throughout the transition zone and parts of the Southeast have largely had two options to provide golfers with an aesthetically pleasing green surface during winter — overseeding and painting dormant Bermudagrass turf.
    Each option has its benefits, but painting greens has largely supplanted overseeding of dormant Bermudagrass during winter.
    Painting reduces cost because dormant turf does not require mowing or fertilizer and needs very little water during winter, while still providing a dark green color that gives golfers a target while debunking the golfer myth that dormant and dead are interchangeable.
    Painting greens also makes it easier to clean up winter weeds before spring green-up, because dormant turf allows for large-scale application of non-selective herbicides. Such applications are not possible in actively growing ryegrass. 
    The competition when transitioning out of ryegrass can also affect Bermudagrass conditions after winter.

    A member of the crew at The Bear Trace at Harrison Bay paints a green. Photos by Paul Carter, CGCS "Anything that is overseeded with ryegrass can delay green-up," said Grady Miller, Ph.D., of North Carolina State University. "If it is a long, wet, cool spring.
    "You also have wear and tear, because with painting you don't have a wearable surface. Painting provides some advantages, but there is some competition, too."
    Miller told of a sports turf manager in North Carolina who historically overseeds each year, but is skipping it this year because weed issues have become so severe.
    "He didn't overseed because he couldn't contend with the weeds, so he's taking a year off," Miller said. 
    "There are trade-offs. There are some big trade-offs."
    Paul Carter, CGCS at The Bear Trace at Harrison Bay in Tennessee, has been painting greens since converting the greens from bentgrass to Champion Bermudagrass about 20 years ago.
    "If you overseed, you have to do so much work to get seed down and established," Carter said. "It's disruptive if you just want color. Everybody around here is going to painting."
    For the past two years, Carter also has been painting fairways, which are 419 Bermudagrass, and today paints everything except tees and rough.
    Painting fairways is done mostly for the benefit of his crew, and not for golfers. After months of golfers beating down dormant turf in the fairways and rough, finding that line between them in spring can be difficult.
    "As long as we give them a defined edge, they can see where that fairway line is," he said. "If we don't keep that line out there, the fairway units are all over the place in spring. They don't know where to go."
    Deciding on paints vs. pigments, which shade of green and what brand to purchase will vary from course to course based on goals, needs and conditions at each property.
    The cost to paint varies, but an average, according to Miller, is about $200 per acre. That price translates to about $500 for 2.5 acres of greens. It typically takes two or three applications to get through the winter, he said.
    Much of the Bermuda at Bear Trace still is green. Carter had hoped to paint this week, but rain has stalled the process.
    "Two times should be plenty," he said. "If we get on it before Christmas, we'll be good until early February or late January. Then we'll do it again, and that should be enough to pull us through until spring."
    Although many properties throughout the transition zone are now painting, many others in the resort market, namely locations like Myrtle Beach, continue to overseed because courses there rely on the shoulder seasons of fall and spring for their revenue, not summer when Bermuda is at its peak.
    Of the transition zone courses that are overseeding, some are seeding at a lower rate — 10 pounds or 8 pounds per acre rather than 15 pounds — and using just a little paint to fill in. Still others are painting greens, and maybe fairways, while also overseeding tees because of the beating they take throughout the golfing season.
    "A lot of them can't handle the wear and tear if they are left dormant," Miller said.

    Paul Carter, CGCS, has been painting greens at The Bear Trace at Harrison Bay in Tennessee for 20 years. Carter has realized some unintended benefits of spraying.
    Last year, he ran out of paint, leaving a single strip on the edge of the No. 3 fairway unpainted. When he applied a non-selective herbicide to the dormant turf to clean up weeds, he noticed that the herbicide in the painted areas was more effective than in the areas where no colorant had been applied.
    "It did not kill the Poa annua in that strip," he said, "as well as it did in the painted area."
    Jim Brosnan, Ph.D., of the University of Tennessee said that enhanced weed control could be attributed to the heat-retention ability of darker painted turf.
    "There's some evidence to show that painting slightly increases canopy temperature, particularly in early spring when one would make a Roundup app for Poa control," Brosnan said via email. "It's possible that this elevated temperature led to Poa plants that were more actively growing and therefore absorbed the herbicide more readily.
    "I'm not sure that concept has ever been fully vetted in trial work, but anecdotally, I've seen it in the field."
  • Manny Torres has met many of life's major challenges head-on. Before earning a turf degree from Rutgers University, Torres scored a personal victory by beating addiction. Today, the superintendent at Oakbrook Golf Club in Lakewood, Washington, faces the biggest challenge of all after suffering a stroke Dec. 4 at age 45.

    A husband and father of two, Torres remains in a Washington hospital where the stroke has, so far, left him paralyzed on his left side, according to a friend.
    "Manny is a great guy," said Torres' friend Jacob Close, a former superintendent and now the Washington sales rep for J.R. Simplot Co. "I'm trying to be hopeful, but this might be the end of his career."
    Torres had been superintendent at Oakbrook for about 16 months when he had the stroke. In the days since, his father, Enrique Torres, has established a GoFundMe account to help Manny, wife Rachel and their family.
    "Manny is a loving father to Sophia (7) and step-son Hunter (11), with whom he cherished practicing soccer and creating precious memories," Enrique wrote on the GoFundMe page. "He's also a devoted husband and a man who has overcome tremendous challenges in his life. After battling addiction and turning his life around over 10 years ago, Manny earned a degree in turf management and became a respected superintendent in the golf course industry—a career he is truly passionate about."
    Before becoming a superintendent, Torres graduated from the turfgrass management program at Rutgers, and worked as an assistant at Three Lakes Golf Club in Wenatchee, Washington. It was during his time there that he met Ryan Gordon, superintendent at The Club at Snoqualmie Ridge in Snoqualmie. Torres had reached out, asking to volunteer for the Boeing Classic, the Champions Tour event held annually at Snoqualmie.
    He quickly learned just how dedicated Torres was to his profession.
    "We don't usually get a large turnout for volunteers so the answer was a resounding yes from me," Gordon said via email. "He showed up on the first day of tournament week, went to work and did a great job for us all week.  It was only later that I learned that he had slept in the front seat of his car all week."
    In 2017, when Gordon needed an assistant, Torres was his first phone call.
    That experience helped prepare him for a return to Three Lakes, this time as head superintendent.

    Manny Torres suffered a stroke Dec. 4. His father has established a GoFundMe account on behalf of his son's family. It was not long before Torres was headed back to Snoqualmie Ridge.
    "During that year, everybody who visited him at the Club left raving about how much better the golf course looked and played since he took over," Gordon wrote. "The only problem was, during his tenure at Snoqualmie, he had met the love of his life, who happened to be working at a bank right across from the club.  They had maintained a long distance relationship during his tenure in Wenatchee. 
    "Meanwhile, the gentleman that had replaced Manny came across an opportunity to take over as superintendent at another course near his house an hour away. With an opening and a hunch, I called Manny to see if he would be interested in coming back to Snoqualmie to rejoin our team and in the back of my mind, get closer to Rachel. He told me that when he told Rachel I had called (that) she started crying with tears of joy and he agreed to rejoin our team."
    He was named superintendent at Oakbrook in August 2023. Now, it is uncertain whether he will be able to return to work.
    "Now, as Manny begins the long and difficult journey toward recovery, his family is grappling with the emotional and financial challenges of this new reality," his father wrote on GoFundMe. "Manny's dedication and resilience shine through, as he remains committed to intensive physical therapy with hopes of regaining his independence. But this will be a lengthy process, and the unexpected medical expenses, combined with the loss of income, are overwhelming for his family.
    "The Torres family is determined to adjust to this 'new normal,' but they need our support. Funds raised through this campaign will help cover medical bills, therapy, and living expenses while Manny fights to recover and his family navigates life without his income."
    Close is a former superintendent at Sudden Valley Golf Course in Bellingham, who first met Torres while both were volunteers for the Boeing Classic. 
    After Close left the business to enter sales, he naturally maintained friendships with his colleagues who then became customers and potential customers. When his friend's health was threatened, he did not hesitate to step in and try to promote the GoFundMe initiative and work with individual vendors to solicit long-term assistance.
    "I want to help as much as I can," Close said. "Golf has been good to me. It has provided me with a job, a career and friends. 
    "People in the maintenance world are my friends. These guys are an extension of my family."
  • Bernhard and Co. recently named Brent Holmes territory sales manager for its southeaastern U.S. market.
    A Georgia native, Holmes (right) began working on a golf course at age 14 and has more than 30 years of experience in the golf industry. He is a 1992 graduate of the golf course operations program at Florida Gateway College (formerly Lake City Community College). 
    "I look forward to collaborating with our team and partners to help customers achieve outstanding results with our cutting-edge solutions and support network," Holmes said.
    His career includes stops as an assistant superintendent on the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail, superintendent at Emirates Golf Club and project manager for Paragon Golf Construction.
    "Brent's deep industry experience and proven track record make him an outstanding addition to our team," said Steven Nixon, managing director for Bernhard. "His leadership qualities will enhance our ability to deliver reliable, high-quality turf health solutions and care to our distributors and customers."
    Bernhard is a manufacturer and supplier of grinding machines and other turfcare solutions.
    For more than 20 years, Holmes has built relationships as a distributor in Georgia and Florida, and was the recipient of the Butch Singo Award from the North Florida GCSA in 2016. Customers can reach him via email.
    Holmes will collaborate with Bernhard's business development, sales and support teams across the U.S. to serve customers throughout the Southeast and nationwide.
  • The crew from Environmental Design prepares to transplant a mature oak tree to the 11th fairway of the South Course at Olympia Fields (above). It took the crew four days to move the tree 100 yards to its new home (below). Photos courtesy of Sam MacKenzie Some of the members at Olympia Fields Country Club might have breathed a sigh of relief when a 100-foot oak tree that had stood for nearly a century in the 11th fairway of the South Course was toppled during a storm in 2020.
    A mature bur oak had been in the fairway of the hole named "Lone Tree" since before Tom Bendelow designed the Chicago-area course in 1916. Architect Andy Staples was in the midst of developing a master plan and overseeing a restoration for the South Course when the tree came down. Rather than rework, and maybe rename, the 11th hole, Staples suggested the unthinkable — transplant another mature oak tree from out-of-play to the vacated spot in the fairway.
    "The course was designed by Tom Bendelow. William Watson and Willie Park did work here, and they left it there," said Olympia Fields director of grounds Sam MacKenzie, CGCS. "Andy was adamant that we had to stick to the original design.
    "We don't just remove trees. We planted one," he joked. 
    The project illustrates how important tree-management programs can be on golf courses.
    "Tree-management plans are an opportunity to showcase the right tree in the right place," Staples said. "I wouldn't go out of my way to design a hole around a tree like that, but that is the way that hole was designed." 
    The Phoenix-based architect has a punch list of considerations when developing a tree plan:
    Agronomics: Introduction of air, relieve shade and introduce sunlight. Safety: Remove dead or dying trees and overhanging limbs. Arborist's report: Assess the health and location of trees and what trees should be planted. Non-native species: They have to go. Plant trees: Choose the right tree for the right location. Perseverance: Know that what you are doing is right and that those who are objecting to a tree plan are doing so out of emotion, not what makes a better golf experience. Because golfers often have emotional ties to specific trees, and local government officials or environmental groups might object to tree removal, it is best to have an ally, namely a golf course architect.
    "You have to be systematic and thoughtful," Staples said. "You have to understand the game of golf, and you have to understand agronomy.
    "Every project I'm involved in includes planting trees, too. It's about choosing the right trees and planting them in the right place. We're not just about going out and removing trees. It's about making the golf course better."
    "Getting the architect on board is a huge help in that regard," MacKenzie said. "The club hired him to improve the property strategically from a golf standpoint."
    Located 30 miles south of downtown Chicago, 36-hole Olympia Fields property covers 345 acres, much of which is undeveloped woodland. MacKenzie estimates 40 percent to 50 percent of the trees on the property are various species of oak. In his 18 years at Olympia Fields, MacKenzie has taken down his share of trees, virtually all of which were targeted because they were dead or dying, or were adversely affecting turf health.
    "My guess is we've taken down 3,000 to 4,000," MacKenzie said of that 18-year span.
    Although those trees were targeted for good reason, selling tree-management projects can be a challenge.
    One such challenge was the oak in the 11th fairway of Olympia Fields' South Course. 
    "The board asked for my ideas for that hole, and they told me not to let cost change my mind," Staples said. "I'd already been working with the club for a while. We had photographic evidence that Bendelow had routed that hole around that tree.
    "They gave me the ability to move that tree. I saw the pitch, and I took a swing."
    Moving the replacement tree place was no small task. The tree that eventually was chosen was so large, it took crews from Environmental Design, a tree-location service based in Tomball, Texas, four days to move it 100 yards using two backhoes. Environmental Design is the same company that famously moved a cypress tree on the 18th hole at Pebble Beach more than 20 years ago.
    The Pebble Beach tree was 67 feet in height. MacKenzie estimated the oak at Olympia Fields at 100 feet or more. Moving it required root pruning so workers could form a sort of root ball. The tree then was rolled to its new location over what MacKenzie described as several long balloons, adding the process was similar to the ancient Egyptians moving massive limestone blocks to build the pyramids of Giza.
    "There were a lot of people who were pretty skeptical and thought the tree would die," Staples said. "It's healthy as a horse."
    Aside from transplanting a bur oak from the periphery to the middle of the 11th fairway, Staples' restoration of the Olympia Fields South Course included taking down a few dozen others.
    "We took out a lot of brush and some trash trees," he said. "But the main initiative was to showcase the property."
    "Andy looked at the golf course strategically," MacKenzie said. "It was about adding vistas and opening up the golf course."
    Elliott Dowling, East region director for the USGA Green Section, recently wrote about developing a tree-management program and offered the following considerations:
    Tree removal is often a necessary part of effective tree management on a golf course, but it can be a very emotional subject. Having objective criteria for evaluating trees makes discussions about removal more productive and less contentious. Safety is the most important consideration. If a high-risk tree is in an area that people visit, it should be prioritized for removal. Negative impacts on turf conditions, architectural intent and routine maintenance are also important factors for removal. When carefully planned, tree removal can enhance the health, environmental value and attractiveness of the overall tree population on a course by removing trees that are not a good fit. As a superintendent, MacKenzie's main concern when managing trees is a simple one.
    "For me, it's easy to make decisions for the health of the turf," he said. "That's the No. 1 factor for me.
    "It's about giving the grass what it needs. That's now an easy sell for me."
  • The onset of cold temperatures throughout the South means the yearly ritual of battling winter weeds.
    Pesky winter weeds can take the form of grassy and broadleaf varieties, including Poa annua, which is especially troublesome in warm-season grass during winter.
    Managing winter weeds with a post-emergent herbicide in dormant warm-season turf can be challenging as herbicide resistance becomes an increasing problem. According to published research, weeds that are prolific seed producers, like Poa annua (a single plant can produce thousands of seeds), tend to be those that develop resistance. The number of weed varieties that have developed herbicide resistance to post-emergent herbicides has skyrocketed in the last 40 years to more than 500, according to the International Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database.
    University of Tennessee weed scientist Jim Brosnan, Ph.D., recently presented a webinar on Poa annua management in warm-season grass, and said post-emergent treatment of winter weeds in spring when turf has begun to green-up is especially difficult. The best strategy for superintendents, he added, is to prevent winter weeds from emerging, not treating them after they have surfaced.
    "Your goal," Brosnan said, "should be to never make a curative app."
    CLICK HERE TO WATCH THE WEBINAR
    He likened winter weed management to a football game, an analogy made by football executive and author Michael Lombardi.
    "You can't win in the first quarter, but you can get out to a good start and build a strong foundation," Brosnan said. "Coming back in the fourth quarter is difficult with a post-emergent herbicide."
    The key, he said, is a consistent plan from fall through spring.
    "Good teams win the middle eight (minutes), the last four minutes of the first half and the first four minutes of the second half," he said. "If you can win those two portions, that's where you really make strides at winning the game. I think that's true here in a Poa control context."
    Brosnan described two examples of resistance: target site and non-target site.
    He described target site resistance as a genetic mutation of the target plant that alters herbicide action at the target site. Non-target site resistance is described as physiological modifications away from the target site that negatively affect the ability of the herbicide to control weeds, in other words, plants that become resistant to multiple modes of action.

    Exactly when winter weeds emerge varies by geographic location and weather conditions, but as a rule, optimal conditions are when soil temperatures are below 66 degrees in the top 2 inches for an average of 24 hours for at least a week and when accompanied by at least a quarter-inch of rain.
    In Knoxville, the period of concern typically is early September to early May.
    To get through that period without making curative applications might require rethinking preventive herbicide programs, Brosnan said.
    "Build a program from a chemical standpoint, but also a cultural program standpoint," he said. "You want to do everything in your power to keep those plants in the ground."
    That means multiple applications throughout fall, winter and spring to ensure there are no lapses in control.
    "One application is not realistic in the modern world of Poa control," he said.
    Rather than make one application for up to 34 weeks of control, Brosnan suggests a pre-emergent application for 12 weeks, followed by applications of pre- and post-emergent products after 12 weeks and 24 weeks. 
    "When I layer those all together," he said, "that gives me my 34 weeks of protection."
    That is the same philosophy superintendents already have adopted for control of fungal diseases in turf.
    "I think the same logic is here when we think about how to manage Poa," Brosnan said, "particularly in a world where we have resistance to a lot of our post chemistry."
    Click here to watch TurfNet's complete lineup of archived webinars.
  • On the heels of the devastation levied across the Southeast by Hurricane Helene, it was a record-setting year for the Carolinas GCSA Conference and Trade Show.
    A total of 2,173 attended this year's show held Nov. 18-20 in Myrtle Beach, the most since 2013. A record 240 individual companies were represented on the trade show floor, occupying a record 419 booths. The previous highs in those categories were 217 (in 2017) and 414 (in 2019) respectively. Also, a total of 1,477 seminar seats were sold, down slightly from last year's record of 1,508.
    Helene made landfall Sept. 26, in Florida and hovered for the next three days over the Southeast, where it has been blamed for at least 234 deaths and $119.8 billion in damage in North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia and Tennessee.

    A total of 2,173 people and 240 vendors attended the 2024 Carolinas GCSA Conference and Trade Show in Myrtle Beach. Photos courtesy of Trent Bouts Many golf courses as well as residents still are reeling from the effects of Helene.
    "Some of the regular faces were missing this year because they had more important things to take care of," said Carolinas GCSA executive director Tim Kreger. "But they were in our hearts, prayers and conversations all week. Getting together with colleagues at the conference is something our members look forward to each year, but for those who could attend, it meant even more this year."
    Helene damaged hundreds of golf courses in North and South Carolina in late September but nowhere more severely than in the mountains of western North Carolina. Some courses will not reopen until well into next year and there are concerns that some might never reopen.

    A total of 1,477 education seats were sold for this year's Carolinas GCSA show. "To be able to produce such a strong Conference and Trade Show so soon after the storm is a great reflection on the strength of the industry in our region and the people in it," Kreger said. 
    "We say it every year, but we mean it every year. This event succeeds because our members truly appreciate the incredible support we get from our industry partners. The industry partners help us stage a great event and our members keep turning up to make the most of it."
    In other news from the Conference and Trade Show:
    Alex Tolbert, from Orangeburg Country Club in Orangeburg, South Carolina, became the association's 51st president when he was elected at the annual business meeting. Dean Farlow, from Deep Springs Country Club in Stoneville, NC, was the sole newcomer to the board of directors. Members agreed to the first dues increase for Class A, B and C members in more than a decade. A and B dues increased from $200 to $250 and C, from $125 to $155. Chuck Green, from Quixote Club in Sumter, South Carolina, received the association's highest honor, the Distinguished Service Award, for his leadership, mentorship and service over more than 40 years. Terry English, from the Oak Point course at Kiawah Island Resort, South Carolina, won his second Carolinas GCSA Golf Championship. English was among 369 players who registered for the championship at Wachesaw Plantation Club, Caledonia Golf and Fish Club and True Blue Golf Club.
    New Carolinas GCSA president Alex Tolbert (left) presents outgoing president Pete Gerdon with a gavel recognizing his service to 1,850-member organization. Adam Cribbet, from Old Tabby Links at Spring Island in Okatie, South Carolina, led a record field of 66 shooters to win the sporting clays championship. Andy Howard, from Moss Creek Golf Club in Bluffton, South Carolina, won a fishing trip for two to Panama in the 27-Hole Challenge. A record turnout of 110 people attended the annual show-eve reception for assistant superintendents. A total of 180 people attended the annual Fellowship Breakfast. Jimmy Murray, from Chechessee Creek Club in Okatie, South Carolina, was named Turf Equipment Technician of the Year by the Turf Equipment Technicians Association of the Carolinas. For a fifth straight year, Horry-Georgetown Technical College won the Student Turf Bowl. A total of 12 teams from six different colleges competed. Life-memberships were presented to Russyll Barnette and Richard Staughton, CGCS. The association presented office manager Angie Davis with a cruise for two to Alaska in appreciation for her 30 years of service.
  • Flash Weather AI, a provider of advanced weather intelligence, has acquired Turf Threat Tracker.
    The integration of Turf Threat Tracker, known as T3 Golf, enhances Flash Weather AI's ability to deliver precision site-specific weather data for turf managers and offers a suite of tools to empower users with real-time, actionable insights to optimize operations and safeguard investments:
    Customizable Threshold Alerts: Real-time notifications on critical metrics such as frost risk and evapotranspiration rates. Disease Forecasting: Predictive insights to help mitigate risks of turf and crop diseases. Growing Degree Day Tracking and Forecasting: Facilitates long-term planning and precise application timing. Predictive Lightning Alerts: Patented technology delivering 1 to 6 hours of advanced forecast notifications. Flash Weather AI is a pioneer in weather intelligence, leveraging cutting-edge AI and proprietary meteorological algorithms to provide predictive, real-time weather insights with updates every two minutes for clients spanning industries such as sports, construction, insurance and now turf management.
    Garrett Bastardi and Herb Stevens, co-founders of T3, bring more than 20 years of forecasting experience in golf and business.
    "Four years ago, T3 set out to revolutionize weather-related agricultural decisions by leveraging agronomy-centric, high-resolution weather data," Stevens said. "By joining the Flash Weather AI family, T3's tools will reach new heights and more businesses. Flash's use of AI to advance weather intelligence aligns perfectly with the vision T3 set at its inception. Together, we're building the most valuable safety and efficiency tool available for decision-makers."
    Jason Deese, CEO of Flash Weather AI and former NOAA meteorologist, emphasized the importance of this acquisition.
    "Two of Flash Weather AI's core principles are to create products the world has never seen and to translate complex weather data into actionable insights for businesses and consumers," said Deese. "Bringing T3 into the Flash family marks a great leap forward in both principles. T3 provides unique insights in golf agronomy, and combining their expertise with our AI enhances those insights as we expand into other aspects of agronomy and beyond. This is a big day for businesses that value safety and efficiency in their operations."
    T3's state-of-the-art forecasting tools, specifically tailored for turf and agricultural professionals, integrate with Flash Weather AI's patented algorithms to offer precise, actionable weather data. The platform provides updates as much as 48 hours in advance on key metrics such as precipitation rates, soil temperature and moisture, frost formation and dissipation times, and dew severity. These and many other turf-centric forecasts enable turfgrass managers to stay ahead of weather variables impacting their operations.
  • The Aquatrols Co. recently named Troy Noble as Golf Technical Services Manager for the Americas.
    A former superintendent for 11 years at Nashawtuc Country Club in Concord, Massachusetts, and a graduate of the turfgrass management program at Iowa State University, Noble (right) will have among his responsibilities driving the company's PROVE trial program.
    He will work directly with golf course superintendents on innovative trials with some of the new technology that Aquatrols is creating and studying at their Aura Farm research and development farm in New Jersey.  
    "Troy's time as a golf course superintendent brings extensive first-hand knowledge to our technical services team to bridge the gap and better understand issues our end users are facing, to better develop solution-based products. We are thrilled to have Troy on our team," said Matt Fleetwood, Ph.D., research and development/technical services manager for Aquatrols.
    Noble's previous experience in the PROVE program as a superintendent played a role in being named to the Aquatrols' post, said Aquatrols general manager Erick Koskinen.
    "Troy has been instrumental in new product developments as a superintendent PROVE partner," Koskinen said. "We are excited to have him on the team to leverage his many talents and insights as we continue to bring innovative solutions to today’s turfgrass managers."
    The Aquatrols Company is a solutions-based company, identifying problems and developing solutions for golf course superintendents for over 70 years.  
    For more about The Aquatrols Company, including finding a local distributor or choosing the product that’s right for you, visit www.aquatrols.com. The Aquatrols Company is part of Lamberti, a longstanding and well-respected European-based specialty chemicals company active in many industries including agriculture. 
  • In both cool- and warm-season turf, areas with poor drainage are especially prone to winterkill. All photos by Kevin Frank Winter usually is a time when superintendents can look forward to taking a little time away from the golf course. However, it also is time to be aware of the threat of winter damage in both cool- and warm-season turf.
    Although there are distinct differences in winter damage in cool- and warm-season turf, one thing that is common to both is plants that already are weakened are the most susceptible to damage. Examples of at-risk areas are those where drainage is poor or where heavy shade is an issue. A pair of recent TurfNet webinars by Kevin Frank, Ph.D., of Michigan State University and Wendell Hutchens, Ph.D., of the University of Arkansas, addressed winterkill in both cool- and warm-season grasses
    While winter damage on cool-season turf typically is associated with ice cover, warm-season turf is susceptible simply to extreme low temperatures. Hutchens points to December 2022 as an example when an overnight drop in temperature from the high 30s to below zero caused havoc throughout Arkansas.
    "That extreme event pretty much wiped out a lot of our warm-season grasses in Arkansas and surrounding areas," Hutchens said during a recent TurfNet webinar on preventing winterkill in warm-season turf. 
    "This extreme low temperature can cause direct kill to warm-season grasses, and that is what we saw in the winter of '22."
    Causes of winterkill in warm-season turf include:
    extreme low temperatures sustained low temps that leads to carbohydrate exhaustion rapid temperature drop in late fall or early spring desiccation caused by too little soil moisture anoxia caused by too much soil moisture Managing moisture, height of cut and nitrogen in the fall helped prevent winter damage on warm-season turf, according to Hutchens. His advice for preventing winter damage is based largely on results from a multi-year study he and others conducted in Virginia and Maryland from 2019 to 2023.
    The study was conducted on Tahoma 31, Latitude 36, Tufcote and Tifway 419, from 2019 to 2023 at outdoor and indoor locations. 
    Results of the study showed that late-season applications of slow-release nitrogen can help retain fall color without compromising cold hardiness through winter. The research also showed that increasing fall mowing height in fairway turf from 0.5 inches to 0.75 inches helped with color retention and reduced the incidence of winter weed growth.

    Kevin Frank suggests cutting channels on poorly draining greens to help move water off the surface after snow and ice melts to prevent damage from refreezing. Irrigating dormant warm-season turf during times of prolonged drought (two weeks or more) through winter can help prevent desiccation, a major cause of winterkill.
    In Hutchens' research, plots were irrigated to levels less than 15 percent volumetric water content and more than 19 percent VWC. Results showed that irrigation at the higher rate and applications of wetting agents before short-term freeze events reduced winter injury.
    He also suggested use of permeable covers on greens for periods of sudden temperature drops or sustained cold periods.
    Winter damage in cool-season turf typically manifests as desiccation or crown hydration injury associated with ice cover.
    Michigan State's Frank has written and talked extensively on the subject of winterkill. He also suggests use of permeable covers to prevent desiccation or exposure to severe cold temperatures, but adds that covers are not always effective during periods of prolonged ice cover, a major cause of winterkill in annual bluegrass. 
    Annual bluegrass can show signs of winter damage after just 30 days or less under ice cover and is especially at risk after continued periods of thawing and refreezing. Creeping bentgrass is more tolerant to ice cover, and might not show signs of damage for up to 120 days.

    Although winterkill is a common and widespread issue, there is still much to learn about it. "All of our estimates for killing turf are just that, estimates," Frank said in his webinar on winterkill. "It could be 45-90 days in some cases. Injury could occur in 30 days for annual bluegrass. In some cases, annual bluegrass has damage in less than 30 days."
    Frank's keys for preventing winterkill in cool-season turf are:
    improve surface drainage increase mowing height promote plant health monitor for ice Good drainage is key to preventing winter damage in warm- and cool-season grass.
    Frank suggests cutting cup cutter-sized holes in areas with poor drainage and filling the holes with gravel or sand. He also suggests cutting channels to facilitate moving water off greens when snow and ice melt to prevent damage during a refreeze.
    He also suggests fall fertilization and slightly raising height of cut on greens going into winter to promote improved plant health.
    In 2020, Michigan State began using sensors to record soil and air temperatures at three depths, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and relative humidity. The goal is to develop what Frank called a warning system that conditions are right for winter damage.
    "It's not only understanding the conditions that cause winterkill," Frank said, "but then what also are the specific measures that kill (turf), because right now, to be honest, it's always a little bit of guesswork of our own experiences and opinions sprinkled in with some science that we know about for getting these diagnoses correct."
  • On more than one occasion I have been asked why TurfNet publishes updates on the case against Roundup. After all, it is not commonly used in managing low-mown turf on golf courses or athletic fields, yet almost everyone probably has at least a jug of it hanging around somewhere. 
    I publish those updates as a reminder about what can happen when people who are uninformed decide what products the rest of us can and cannot use. When government agencies impose restrictions on synthetic pesticide or fertilizer use, those decisions sometimes are made with the best of intentions, but with little or no data to support them. The public relations campaign against pesticide use has been bolstered largely by high-profile cases like the slew of cancer claims against Roundup and the misapplication of a neonicotinoid at an Oregon shopping mall that resulted in the death of thousands of bumble bees.
    Great strides have been made in bringing effective low-use-rate pesticides to market, but there are still many who believe, regardless of the consequences, that all synthetic products should be banned on public land. That should be a red flag for anyone who relies on such products every day say many in the industry, including Beth Guertal, Ph.D., of Kansas State University who recently addressed this topic at this year's Carolinas GCSA Conference and Trade Show.
    "I just told a group of superintendents that they need to be paying attention to this," Guertal said. "It's coming."
    A golf course on Maui is among the latest to be subjected to such a ban and serves as a case study as to what can happen to those who are caught unawares.
    In 2021, Maui County, Hawaii passed a resolution that bans synthetic pesticides and fertilizers on county-owned or county-managed land. That ban includes the county-owned Waiehu Municipal Golf Course. 
    Such bans have no basis in fact, says Guertal.
    "At correct rates, there's just no evidence to support this," she said. "They're kind of making this stuff up is what they're doing."
    Andrew McGuire, Ph.D., of Washington State recently wrote that organic products are not a magic bullet and are no substitute for time-tested best practices.
    Wrote McGuire in a recent tweet: "You can't bio-product your way to soil health — products don't improve soil's physical conditions, but proven practices do. Before spending your money on an unproven product, try a time-tested practice to build soil."

    There are steps turf managers can take to minimize the chances of such bans taking hold.
    Proactive measures such as sharing BMPs with local officials and staging on-site educational events can show the public the biodiversity that can exist on a golf course with the proper use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.
    Brian Boyer held such an event last year at Cinnabar Hills near San Jose, California where he and volunteers shuttled more than 60 local students through eight stations around the golf course, teaching them about the tools superintendents use, water, soil, plants, putting green management, golf course wildlife, weather and irrigation.
    The Maui rule went into effect in 2022, but the golf course was given three years to come into compliance. That deadline has arrived and county parks officials in charge of the golf course and a pair of athletic fields say none of the organic herbicide or fertilizer options available to them have been effective and they are seeking an exemption to the ban.
    At a recent county council meeting on Maui, a line of people spoke in opposition to an exemption, none of whom cited any scientific evidence to substantiate their claims. 
    Attendees at the Maui meeting, some speaking on behalf of an environmental activism group called Beyond Pesticides Hawaii, claimed that synthetic pesticides and fertilizers pose a threat to waterways, ocean reefs, golfers and visitors to the park, and degrade the native soils.
    "There is no data to support that. There's just none," Guertal said. "All the data supports that monocultures that are maintained with a good diversity of biomass, they can be very healthy systems."

    Parks and recreation officials say organic products used to manage Waiehu Municipal Golf Course in Hawaii have been ineffective. Some opposed to an exemption said work on drafting a pesticide ban began nearly a decade ago and accused those in the parks department of stalling.
    Shane Dudoit, deputy director for the county parks and recreation department, said his department is not stalling, adding conversion to organic management has been slow because the available products are ineffective. He talked about the challenges associated with using only organic products to manage a 94-year-old golf course that has a 12-month season and gets about 65,000 rounds per year. He came prepared with before-and-after photos that demonstrate the ineffectiveness of the products being used and said the parks division could lose the golf course to weeds if a synthetic alternative is not found.
    That can be a difficult argument to make to those who do not read the science.
    "People just don't want to hear it," Guertal said. "They've got their minds made up."
    The Maui meeting was adjourned without any decision being reached.
    "We're at a standstill," Dudoit said via email. "We're waiting for a community hearing that should be coming up soon."
    Dudoit believes the move to ban pesticides and fertilizers stems from the scare over Roundup.
    Roundup has been famously linked to causing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a blood cancer that begins in the lymphatic system despite claims from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that it is safe.
    Litigation surrounding use of Roundup ultimately resulted in a settlement that cost Bayer billions and contributed to the company selling its T&O division to Cinven in 2022.
    "No one in the turf industry believes (Roundup causes cancer), because there is no data to prove it," Guertal said. "There are literally hundreds of studies to prove it's one of the more safe and effective products available."
    That has not mattered to those pushing the use of organic products only, some of which also can have unintended consequences.
    Bryan Unruh, Ph.D., of the University of Florida says many organic fertilizers can have excess nitrogen or phosphorus that comes in the way of filler that is not part of the product's analysis.
    "The plant sees ammonium and nitrate. It doesn't care what color it is, or where they come from," Unruh said. "It doesn't care if it came from a cow, or a synthetic factory. 
    "Natural organic composts or sludges typically come with a boatload of phosphorus, and you can't stop that. You can't get it out."

    A parks and recreation manager in Hawaii is seeking an exemption on a pesticide ban to fight weeds at Waiehu Municipal Golf Course. Organic herbicides also can cause an overload of nitrogen.
    Corn gluten can be used as a pre-emergent herbicide for control of crabgrass, but it is loaded with nitrogen.
    "That means you're going to put it out in February, and the rate at which you have to apply the corn gluten is also putting out 2 pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet on dormant grass," Guertal said. "So I'm putting out almost half to a third of my year's nitrogen at a time when environmentally I would never ever want to do it. So I can tell you what's more environmentally dangerous and it's that corn gluten."
    Even organic products such as copper that can be used as a fungicide should be used with caution.
    "The rates are so high," Guertal said. "It's far more damaging than a properly applied fungicide."
    When such bans are imposed elsewhere, it should be a warning sign for turf managers everywhere to be prepared by collecting scientific data on everything that is used on the golf course, information on the efficacy and other challenges associated with organic alternatives, and having at the ready your state's BMP manual.
    Then, like Boyer at Cinnabar Hills, find a creative way to share that information.

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