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From the TurfNet NewsDesk

  • John Reitman
    N.Y. OKs Syngenta's Posterity fungicide
    Posterity fungicide from Syngenta is now registered for use in New York.
    With the active ingredient pydiflumetofen, Posterity is an SDHI fungicide labeled for preventive and curative control - up to 28 days - of dollar spot, fairy ring, Microdochium patch and spring dead spot.
    Preventive applications of Posterity are recommended beginning in the spring, prior to the development of dollar spot. Posterity also has curative properties and can be used for extended preventive applications for continued protection until winter.
     
    To help with timing applications, superintendents can sign up for dollar spot alerts from Syngenta that are based on the Smith-Kerns prediction model. For resistance management and broader-spectrum control, Syngenta also offers agronomic programs that strategically rotate Posterity with Secure Action, Daconil Action and other products to properly condition turf so it will perform at its best during the season and recover quickly from stress.

    The weekly OTF/OSU Turf Team Talks feature the likes of (clockwise from top left) Dave Shetlar, Ph.D., Ed Nangle, Ph.D., Karl Danneberger, Ph.D., David Gardner, Ph.D., Pam Sherratt and Zane Raudenbush, Ph.D. OTF/OSU launch weekly turf talks
    The Ohio Turfgrass Foundation recently launched its Turf Team Talks series designed to help turf managers tackle some of their most common and recurrent problems.
    Hosted by a rotating cast of Ohio State's professors and instructors from the fields of weed science, sports turf management, agronomy and entomology as well as the faculty from OSU ATI, the weekly segments address issues like insect updates, disease pressure, weed control and how accute weather patterns affect cultural practices as well as day-to-day operations.
    Viewers also can send the team specific questions for use on future episodes.
    Target's Kraken holds water in tough conditions
    Target Specialty Products recently introduced Turf Fuel The Kraken, advanced wetting agent designed for turf surfaces that require the highest level of consistency and firmness.
    Tested extensively in trials at the University of Arkansas, Kraken has the ability to hold water consistently deep in the profile, while keeping the soil near the surface dry.
    A multiple component proprietary surfactant, Kraken offers a safe, no burn formulation that provides uniform and consistent hydration throughout the root zone that improves water use efficiency.
    Formulated from a blend of alkoxylated polyols and polyglycol ether ester, Kraken can be used at any time during the season and it can be used with other Turf Fuel products, such as Cleanse, Abyss and Vanquish for best results depending on the season.
  • In the 1975 cult classic film Monty Python and the Holy Grail, King Arthur and his knights become chafed when, in their quest to find the chalice used by Jesus and his apostles during the Last Supper, a sorcerer tells them that what appears to be a harmless rabbit is instead the blood-thirsty beast guarding the cave where the vessel supposedly is located.
    Only when the bunny goes on a killing spree, wiping out many of his men, is Arthur convinced of its destructive and murderous ways.
    No doubt, many felt the same way the first time they learned the tiny and seemingly harmless emerald ash borer made its way into North America almost 20 years ago. Just like the knights in scene 19 of the Holy Grail underestimated the ferocity of what they thought was a benign and innocent rodent, those who doubted the dangers presented by the tiny emerald ash borer are likely having second thoughts. Unfortunately for those dealing with EAB, the pests reproduce like rabbits and there exists no divine hand grenade that can impede them. Just ask folks in Morris County, New Jersey, where the teensy ash borer is threatening what is believed to be the nation’s oldest and largest ash tree that predates the signing of the Declaration of Independence. A tree that has survived since before the American Revolution might not be able to withstand the onslaught of a bug about an inch in length.
    Since it came into the port of Detroit as a stowaway in packing materials on a Chinese cargo vessel in 2002, EAB has spread to 35 U.S. states and five provinces in Canada.
     
    Scientists believe that the pest eventually will reach the entire ash tree range in North America, an area that covers parts of at least 42 U.S. states and six Canadian provinces. Each ash borer, however, only flies a few miles throughout its lifecycle, so moving firewood, or not, is critical to controlling its spread.
    A series of webinars conducted by scientists and other experts from several states is available on the web site emeraldashborer.info. Webinars cover a range of topics, including how to prevent infestation and what to do after one has occurred. The EAB web site is a news and information portal that is a cooperative effort between Michigan State, Purdue and Ohio State universities, the Michigan and Ohio departments of Agriculture; the Michigan, Indiana and Ohio departments of Natural Resources; the USDA Forest Service; the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS); and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
    Native to parts of eastern Asia, the EAB borer burrows into ash trees as an adult where it lays its eggs. The larvae feed on the layer beneath the bark, disrupting the tree's vascular system and its ability to take up water and nutrients and eventually kill the tree.
      
    EAB kills ash trees by disrupting the uptake of water and nutrients through the trunk and into the upper reaches of the tree.
     
    Adult females, which grow to about a half-inch in length, create a hole in the bark into which they deposit their eggs. After hatching, the larvae feed on and chew galleries through the tissue beneath the bark layer. In the spring, new adults chew through the bark and emerge leaving behind a D-shaped exit hole before flying into the canopy to feast on ash leaves and begin the reproductive process all over again.
     
    Symptoms of infestation include thinning of the canopy and sprouts growing from holes in the trunk that were created by the pests. Woodpeckers like the larvae, and woodpecker damage might also be a sign of EAB infestation. According to the Ohio Department of Agriculture, canopies of mature ash tree typically are decimated within two years of infestation and the trees dead within five years.
     
    Tree canopies can be wiped out within two years, and mature, healthy trees typically are dead within three to four years. All native North American ash species are susceptible to damage.
  • Dan Dommer of Ozaukee Country Club in Mequon, Wisconsin is the recipient of the 2019 TurfNet Technician of the Year Award, presented by Toro. The TurfNet Technician of the Year Award, presented by Toro is given annually to a golf course mechanic who excels at a variety of tasks associated with maintaining the golf course. The criteria on which the recipient is determined might need updating after Dan Dommer of Ozaukee Country Club in Mequon, Wisconsin, won this year's award.
    Besides excelling as a mechanic in a 100-plus-year-old shop at this historic 1922 William Langford-Theodore Moreau design, Dommer, 41, mows and topdresses fairways and is in charge of maintenance at Ozaukee's clubhouse.
    Since 2008, Dommer has been the equipment manager at Ozaukee, which was the home course to legendary superintendent Wayne Otto for more than 40 years. He was chosen from a field of three finalists that includes Jaime Bojorquez of Westbrook Village Golf Club in Peoria, Arizona, and Sean Brownson of Bethpage State Park in Farmingdale, New York.
    Criteria on which candidates are judged include: crisis management; effective budgeting; environmental awareness; helping to further and promote the careers of colleagues and employees; interpersonal communications; inventory management and cost control; overall condition and dependability of rolling stock; shop safety; and work ethic. 
    As the winner, Dommer receives the Golden Wrench Award and a spot in Toro Service Training University at the company's headquarters in Bloomington, Minnesota. Given all of Dommer's duties at Ozaukee, when he will find time to attend the Toro program is anyone's guess.
    "He has a whatever-it-takes attitude. He mows fairways, is in charge of our fairway topdressing program and fixes what needs to be fixed," said Ozaukee superintendent Brett Hosler. "He also is in charge of daily operations at the clubhouse, including everything in the kitchen, all mechanical needs, HVAC, everything.
    "Nominating him for this award was a no-brainer. He's one of the best in the business."

    The maintenance shop at Ozaukee CC is a 100-plus-year-old barn left over from when the site was a working dairy farm. Between operating equipment and checking on playing conditions around the property, Dommer spends about four hours a day on the golf course. With a topdressing program that includes applications on greens every two weeks and fairways and tees every three, he spends a lot of time on the grinder. Throw in his duties in the clubhouse and it's a wonder Dommer doesn't just keep a cot in Ozaukee's shop
    "I do spend a lot of time out there," he said. "I like to see how things are going out there."
    The demands on his time mean he has to be fast and efficient when he is in the shop.
    "I'm getting pretty good at grinding," he said. "I can do grinding for six greensmowers in about three hours."
    Ozaukee was built on the site of an old dairy farm, and the barn from that farming operation serves as the club's shop.
    "When that became the maintenance facility, they retrofitted it to what they needed in 1922, and they have not changed it in almost 100 years," Dommer said. "We have been able to update it a little, but it is most definitely a barn."
    Low ceiling heights prevented the installation of any kind of lift, so the only way to get underneath a piece of equipment is with a lot of jacks and a mechanic's creeper. Like a lot of people in this area, Dommer grew up on the family dairy farm, and if he absolutely needs a lift, he transports equipment to his father's shop.
    "It would be nice to have a lift here," he said. "But the ceiling heights make that impossible."
    Previous winners include (2018) Terry Libbert, Old Marsh Golf Club, Palm Beach Gardens, FL; (2017) Tony Nunes, Chicago Golf Club, Wheaton, IL; (2016) Kris Bryan, Pikewood National Golf Club, Morgantown, WV; (2015) Robert Smith, Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, PA; (2014) Lee Medeiros, Timber Creek and Sierra Pines Golf Courses, Roseville, CA; (2013) Brian Sjögren, Corral de Tierra Country Club, Corral de Tierra, CA; (2012) Kevin Bauer, Prairie Bluff Golf Club, Crest Hill, IL; (2011) Jim Kilgallon, The Connecticut Golf Club, Easton, CT; (2010) Herb Berg, Oakmont (PA) Country Club; (2009) Doug Johnson, TPC at Las Colinas, Irving, TX; (2007) Jim Stuart, Stone Mountain (GA) Golf Club; (2006) Fred Peck, Fox Hollow and The Homestead, Lakewood, CO; (2005) Jesus Olivas, Heritage Highlands at Dove Mountain, Marana, AZ; (2004) Henry Heinz, Kalamazoo (MI) Country Club; (2003) Eric Kulaas, Marriott Vinoy Renaissance Resort, Sarasota, FL.
    As the winner, Dommer receives the Golden Wrench Award and a spot in Toro Service Training University at the company's headquarters in Bloomington, Minnesota.
    Previous winners include (2018) Terry Libbert, Old Marsh Golf Club, Palm Beach Gardens, FL; (2017) Tony Nunes, Chicago Golf Club, Wheaton, IL; (2016) Kris Bryan, Pikewood National Golf Club, Morgantown, WV; (2015) Robert Smith, Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, PA; (2014) Lee Medeiros, Timber Creek and Sierra Pines Golf Courses, Roseville, CA; (2013) Brian Sjögren, Corral de Tierra Country Club, Corral de Tierra, CA; (2012) Kevin Bauer, Prairie Bluff Golf Club, Crest Hill, IL; (2011) Jim Kilgallon, The Connecticut Golf Club, Easton, CT; (2010) Herb Berg, Oakmont (PA) Country Club; (2009) Doug Johnson, TPC at Las Colinas, Irving, TX; (2007) Jim Stuart, Stone Mountain (GA) Golf Club; (2006) Fred Peck, Fox Hollow and The Homestead, Lakewood, CO; (2005) Jesus Olivas, Heritage Highlands at Dove Mountain, Marana, AZ; (2004) Henry Heinz, Kalamazoo (MI) Country Club; (2003) Eric Kulaas, Marriott Vinoy Renaissance Resort, Sarasota, FL.
  • What drew us to become golf course superintendents?  For me, it was those quiet magical mornings caddying on “the ponderosa” which drew me into course maintenance.  Then off to UMass/Stockbridge, and my first “greenkeeper” position, a 9-hole muni course. This was in the 1960’s.
    We were blessed, being at the right place, at the right time.  Golf was exploding and for anyone graduating from a turf school, that was your ticket. 
    The work was fulfilling.  Working with nature, growing things.  Problem solving.  Working with people.  Great colleagues in my local chapter, the MetGCSA. Trade shows.  Every Spring hiring seasonal workers, and opportunities for mentoring and ministry.       
    The 80’s were when things began to go south, at least for the relaxed, carefree times of the superintendent career.  The solid and steady "founding fathers” on the club boards were replaced with the new generation of “instant gratification” types for whom a little knowledge was dangerous. They wanted it and they wanted it then. As another veteran superintendent put it, "The sons are not the fathers."
    Investments in infrastructure or equipment were supposed to alleviate all future ills.  “We gave you the new irrigation system you wanted, so why do we have some brown spots on number 6?”  
    Member-Guest tournaments and multi-club membership invited comparisons with nearby clubs and courses.
    The Augusta Syndrome.
    Then along came the Stimpmeter.  
    With a few exceptions (like Arnold Palmer, whose dad was a superintendent), professional golfers didn’t help much.  I remember hearing a disgruntled pro leaving a press tent quip: “There is no excuse for poor greens!”   
    There were voices of reason trying to educate golfers that we are dealing with nature, and as such there are limits to what humans can do.  We had the fine agronomists in USGA Green Section, always trying to get some rational thinking into the minds of the green committees and club boards.
    My good friend, the late Stanley Zontek, wrote an article for the Green Section Record using the baseball analogy; that superintendents cannot be expected to bat in the 300s all the time.  Another USGA agronomist coined the phrase: “Slow greens are better than fast dirt.”  A wise superintendent wrote an article decrying the stampede to perfect turf, entitled “Perfection is only marginally acceptable.”  
    Here is where we are today:
    Golf play is down. We've all heard it: cost, time and difficulty. That is not going to change. White collar recessions are hitting club memberships hard. Golf courses are being sold for housing. The "country club lifestyle" doesn't jibe with Saturday morning soccer and other obligations of harried parents.  As club revenues decline, superintendents are expected to more with less. Longer hours translate to burnout and less family time. Our families often become another casualty. The few superintendent positions that do open up get a ton of applicants. Poor club leadership due to the revolving doors in the boardrooms. Club GMs only ready and willing to sacrifice a superintendent to appease the grill/locker room crowds looking for blood.  Little, if any, job security.  So where do we go from here?  Let’s start with three facts and principles in our new Paradigm:
    We need to adapt to the rapid pace of change.  Superintendents are some of the most talented, innovative, skilled, creative, motivated and dedicated individuals in any industry.  With few exceptions, we do not receive the acknowledgement we rightly deserve at the courses and clubs we serve. We need to continually brainstorm new possibilities and Plan Bs for our individual futures.  Not just thinking “outside the box”, forgetting about the box!   Years ago, while chatting on the course one day with a CEO member, the subject of change came up.  I recited the cliché: “You have to keep up with change,” to which he calmly replied: “No Pat, you have to already be there waiting for it when it comes.”  To me, that statement sums up the new lens we must look through to see accurately where we are today, to remain financially solvent and to improve the quality of life for ourselves and our families. 
    Below are some thoughts and ideas from someone who had been through the mill, using the old principle of “finding a need and filling it.”  
    TRANSITION TO A SIMILAR BUSINESS REQUIRING OUR SKILL SETS
    Parks & Recreation, sports turf, schools, corporate campuses, airports, theme parks, estates, athletic stadiums, condominiums developments, just to name a few.  Often better benefits outweigh a reduced salary. I know of a superintendent who took a college groundskeeper position and got tuition breaks for his kids. 
    START YOUR OWN BUSINESS
    Take inventory of yourself. We have skills like arboriculture, horticulture, excavation, carpentry, plumbing, site development, running greenhouses, masonry, drainage, IT, equipment maintenance, second languages, coaching, public speaking, writing...  Begin investing some time and energy into your own R&D account, laying the groundwork for your own venture, while still gainfully employed and not burned out.
    I once had a green chairman who wanted my head on his den wall and was actively lobbying to make that happen.  With a wife and five boys, living in club-provided housing, and with no savings, I was sick to my stomach. It was  the same old story of giving 150% to the job and putting 0% into my own R&D account.  Through the grace of God, I was able to get financing to buy some equipment and begin a contract deep aerification business on the side. My sons ran the business, which gave them invaluable skills and helped put them through school.  The “Outlier Phenomenon” (see Malcolm Gladwell's book Outliers: The Story of Success) was in place  again, with deep aerification services just beginning to take off.     
    GET MORE SPECIALIZED EDUCATION
    Have an Associates degree?  Get a Bachelor’s.  Have a Bachelors?  Get an MBA.  Take public speaking and human relations courses like Dale Carnegie, Toastmasters, etc.  Advanced computer courses.  Specialized training in any area you are interested it.
    MOVE UP THE CLUB LADDER 
    In my opinion, out of the three club professionals, superintendents are the most capable of running a club.  We understand how things work.  Most of the skills of the club pro end with hitting a golf ball.  Most of the GMs I’ve met are mostly show, with a gift of gab and able to sell a bill of goods. This is not virgin territory; other superintendents have done it, so can you if you really want to.      
    Obviously, these thoughts don't offer any conclusion, just a tipping off point for further thought and discussion.  Everyone has stories and experiences to share, and TurfNet has always led the way in that regard. Encourage and challenge each other to continually improve not only our craft as superintendents but our lives and futures off the golf course.
    Pat Lucas is a 50-year career superintendent and a charter TurfNet member. He lives in Danbury, Connecticut.
  • Dollar spot fungal growth on bluegrass. Photo courtesy of Ohio State University Extension. The phrase "cool and wet" is an understatement of profound proportions when describing late spring conditions throughout much of the Midwest.
    Those same conditions have provided a favorable environment for dollar spot and was the focus of a recent Turf Tips video by the Ohio State University turf pathology department.
    "It's all over the state," said Todd Hicks, program coordinator for the OSU turf pathology department. "It's not a super powerful threat, but it is a threat, and it will build as the month goes along with the weather pattern we're in."
    Dollar spot also was the subject of a recent TurfNet webinar by Rick Latin, Ph.D., who recently retired from Purdue University. Latin, who now operates as an independent consultant under the RL Turf badge, explored genetic, cultural, biological and chemical options for controlling dollar spot. Non-chemical options can be utilized under some circumstances or as part of a multi-pronged program. For example, practices such as removing dew or low applications of nitrogen can help minimize disease outbreaks, and advancements in turfgrass breeding have resulted in varieties that are more disease resistant than older standbys. But it is rare that any of these non-chemical options alone can be provide reliable dollar spot control.
    "We're almost always going to rely on fungicide to achieve turf quality we want," Latin said in the webinar.
    Consult the Ohio State fungicide chart for more information.
    Latin's top recommendation for control is something from the SDHI class of fungicides. Contact fungicides are good at preventing outbreaks, but curative control requires a fungicide that penetrates the plant, and, as pointed out by Hicks in the OSU video, there are plenty of available options.
    "If (dollar spot) does become super bad, remember, you've got to shorten those intervals," Hicks said. 
    "There are a lot of good 21-day products out there. I just don't trust anything for 21 days when I get super hammered with dollar spot."
    There are several factors that affect disease pressure and lead folks like Hicks and Latin to suggest tightening up application intervals, including degradation of the product, disease pressure, water quality and fungicide resistance.
  • Randy Wilson once said in a TurfNetTV video that dogs have "the No. 1 job in golf." 
    We could not agree more. Dogs chase geese and keep nuisance critters on the go. They run interference on golfers for the superintendent and generally serve as a calming influence in a world that often is anything but calm. And that is why TurfNet has been recognizing golf course dogs around the world since 2002 in the Superintendent's Best Friend Calendar, presented by Syngenta.
    There have been several facsimiles, but for almost 20 years, the Superintendent's Best Friend Calendar has been the original golf course dog calendar. If you have a dog that earns its keep at the golf course, enter a photo for consideration for next year's calendar.
    A panel of judges will select the 14 dogs for the calendar, including the cover and December 2019. Images should be taken horizontally at your camera's highest resolution setting. Also, try not to center your dog in the frame, as left or right orientation often can result in a more dramatic photograph. Nomination deadline is July 31. 
    Click here to submit a photo of your dog for consideration. Be sure to include the dog's name, age and breed; photographer's name; owner's name, phone number, email address; and the name of the golf course where the owner and dog both work. 
    For more information, email John Reitman. Submission deadline is July 31.
  • Bobby Jones served two years in the Army Air Force during World War II. A failed physical and the prospect of playing exhibition golf to boost troop morale carried the promise of an easy path during World War II for Bobby Jones. But Jones, who already had created a golf tournament that changed the trajectory of the sport and what eventually would become the world's most recognized golf course, never took the easy path.
    The greatest golfer of the 1920s and early '30s, Jones was a solemn and distinguished southerner with a game that spoke volumes and a charisma and persona as great as any athlete of that era. With the sun setting on his golf career, Jones was three months shy of his 40th birthday and a father of three when the bombing of Pearl Harbor catapulted the United States into World War II. When he tried to enlist, he flunked the physical because of varicose veins in his legs.
    Declared 4F during his physical, Jones talked his way into active duty in May 1942, just six months after Pearl Harbor. Seventy-five years ago this week, 42-year-old Maj. Robert Tyre Jones came ashore in France as part of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Europe that signaled the beginning of the end of World War II. Jones, who founded Augusta National Golf Club and the Masters Tournament a decade earlier, arrived in France on D-Day Plus One (the day after the initial invasion) and served two more months on the front lines before being discharged.
    Winner of the Georgia Amateur Championship at age 14, Jones was just 16 when the U.S. entered World War I in 1917. Too young for active military service, he did his part by playing in exhibition fundraisers, often with his father. The Army hoped Jones would end his career the same way it had started - playing in those exhibition matches to raise money for the war effort. As Hitler's Wehrmacht raced across Europe unrestrained, it was no secret that the Allied forces eventually would have to stage a large-scale assault to liberate the continent and stem the tide of fascist tyranny. Jones, despite his 4F physical status, was adamant about doing his part.
    Jones was commissioned as a captain in the U.S. Army Air Force in 1942. In 1943 he was promoted to major and sent to England where he was assigned to the Ninth Air Force as an intelligence officer. His unit eventually was assigned to the infantry and he spent two months following the D-Day invasion interrogating German prisoners of war before being discharged in August 1944 with the rank of lieutenant colonel. 
    The most celebrated player of his era, Jones was as famous as any athlete of his time. Long before big money endorsement deals, he was the star of a series of short films in which he demonstrated his golfing prowess to some of Hollywood's elite.
    Over a brief 14-year career, he played in just 52 tournaments and won nearly half of them. He enjoyed a remarkable run from 1923 to 1930, winning four of the eight U.S. Open Championships in which he played and finishing second in the other four. He played in the British Open three times in that period, winning all three. In those eight years, he never missed a cut in any tournament in which he played. Today he remains the only player to have won golf's Grand Slam in the same year when he captured the U.S. Open, U.S. Amateur, British Open and British Amateur in 1930.
    Six years before the start of the war, Jones established Augusta National in 1933 in his native Georgia, and the following year co-founded the Masters Tournament with longtime Augusta chairman Cliff Roberts. 
    A man of unquestioned integrity, Jones called a penalty on himself during the first round of the 1925 U.S. Open at Worcester (Massachusetts) Country Club when he claimed to have moved the ball at address while playing from the rough on the 11th hole. Tournament officials, without the benefit of televised instant replay, could not confirm the transgression and left it up to Jones whether to call the two-shot penalty on himself. He did, and went on to lose the championship to Willie Macfarlane in an 18-hole playoff. The U.S. Golf Association's Bob Jones Award for sportsmanship is named in his honor.
    Clearly, sitting out the war was not an option.
    Famed golf writer Herbert Warren Wind, who coined the term "Amen Corner" to describe Nos. 11, 12 and 13 at Jones' Augusta National, once wrote: "In the opinion of many people, of all the great athletes, Jones came the closest to being what we call a great man."
    After the 1942 Masters, Jones and Roberts, suspended the tournament and famously converted Augusta's fairways into a cattle and turkey farming operation to supply food for troops during the war. 
    Despite his success on the golf course, Jones' 4F status was no fluke. Sickly as a child, doctors recommended he play golf as a way to strengthen his body, and he enjoyed instant if not brief success. Within a few years of the war's end, he was diagnosed with syringomyelia, a spinal disorder that eventually condemned Jones to a wheelchair until his death in 1971. 
    As he did throughout his playing career, Jones defied the odds and his own physical limitations to contribute to the war effort, including its singular most important event - the D-Day invasion of Europe.
  • Yara North America recently introduced the YaraVita OptimumTurf line of foliar nutrition products for the turf and ornamental industry. YaraVita OptimumTurf includes eight products that each deliver a specific nutrient or nutrient mix for sustaining turfgrass and plant health, as well as boosting performance, durability and visual turf quality.
                        
    Backed by more than 100 years of agronomic insights, all products in the OptimumTurf lineup are liquid formulations with wetters, stickers and absorption aids for immediate uptake and utilization and to control and enhance performance.
                        
    The YaraVita OptimumTurf line make good tank mix partners and each addresses a variety of critical plant performance needs and deficiency prevention. The new lineup includes YaraVita Roots, YaraVita Safe N, YaraVita Renew, YaraVita Pristine Green, YaraVita Maintain, YaraVita Activate, YaraVita Guard and YaraVita Synthesize. 
    Yara might not be a household name in turf, but the company has a long history. Established in 1905 as Norsk Hydro, the Oslo-based company employs more 16,000 people in 60 countries. 
                        
    "Turf managers strive for perfection, and the YaraVita OptimumTurf products allow you to provide exactly what the plant needs with the confidence of knowing the nutrients are quickly absorbed and utilized to ensure high quality results." said Neil Mayberry, crop manager for Yara North America's T&O division. "A balanced nutritional program is necessary for increasing a plant's chances of survival, especially when overcoming common stress factors; this is why turf managers must have a product they can trust and is mixable with a wide range of products, ultimately, making their jobs easier."
  • Jaime Bojorquez of Westbrook Village Golf Club in Peoria, Arizona, Sean Brownson of New York’s Bethpage State Park and Dan Dommer of Ozaukee Country Club in Mequon, Wisconsin, are the three finalists for this year’s TurfNet Technician of the Year Award, presented by Toro.
    The winner, who will be profiled later this month on TurfNet, will receive the Golden Wrench Award and a spot in the Toro Service Training University at the company's headquarters in Bloomington, Minnesota.
    Criteria on which candidates are judged include: crisis management; effective budgeting; environmental awareness; helping to further and promote the careers of colleagues and employees; interpersonal communications; inventory management and cost control; overall condition and dependability of rolling stock; shop safety; and work ethic.
    Click on the links below to read about each finalist.
    Jaime Bojorquez, Westbrook Village GC, Peoria, Arizona
    Sean Brownson, Bethpage State Park, Farmingdale, New York
    Dan Dommer, Ozaukee CC, Mequon, Wisconsin
    Previous winners include (2018) Terry Libbert, Old Marsh Golf Club, Palm Beach Gardens, FL; (2017) Tony Nunes, Chicago Golf Club, Wheaton, IL; (2016) Kris Bryan, Pikewood National Golf Club, Morgantown, WV; (2015) Robert Smith, Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, PA; (2014) Lee Medeiros, Timber Creek and Sierra Pines Golf Courses, Roseville, CA; (2013) Brian Sjögren, Corral de Tierra Country Club, Corral de Tierra, CA; (2012) Kevin Bauer, Prairie Bluff Golf Club, Crest Hill, IL; (2011) Jim Kilgallon, The Connecticut Golf Club, Easton, CT; (2010) Herb Berg, Oakmont (PA) Country Club; (2009) Doug Johnson, TPC at Las Colinas, Irving, TX; (2007) Jim Stuart, Stone Mountain (GA) Golf Club; (2006) Fred Peck, Fox Hollow and The Homestead, Lakewood, CO; (2005) Jesus Olivas, Heritage Highlands at Dove Mountain, Marana, AZ; (2004) Henry Heinz, Kalamazoo (MI) Country Club; (2003) Eric Kulaas, Marriott Vinoy Renaissance Resort, Sarasota, FL.
  • When attempting to describe corruption and favoritism in the world of college basketball, UNLV hall of fame coach Jerry Tarkanian (below right) once famously quipped “The NCAA is so mad at Kentucky they're going to give Cleveland State another year of probation” proving it is possible to ensnare non-target organisms with weapons other than insecticides.
    Back in 2013, when a landscape company sprayed a clump of linden trees at an Oregon shopping center with an insecticide to control aphids and instead eliminated some 50,000 bumble bees, you knew it was only a matter of time before the PR nightmare associated with this non-target kill eventually trickled down to golf.
    It has taken six years, but that day finally is here.
    Neonicotinoid pesticides have been suspected as a cause in the decline of bee populations for more than a decade and have been in the crosshairs of environmental groups ever since 2013 when the unnamed landscape company ignored label directions and sprayed dozens of linden trees, which are a favorite of pollen-seeking bees. On May 20, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency canceled the registrations of a dozen neonicotinoid pesticides, and environmental groups say they will not rest until all insecticides in that class are off the market.
    All 12 of the products canceled by the EPA include the active ingredients clothianidin or thiamethoxam either alone or in combination with other active ingredients. The list includes three granular formulations, one product used to manage pests in flowers and shrubs and several found in seed coatings in the agriculture industry. 
    So, what does this registration cancellation mean to manufacturers, distributors and end users?
    First, dozens of neonicotinoids available for use, including imidacloprid and the formulation of clothianidin used in the Oregon incident. According to the EPA, manufacturers may sell and distribute existing stock for one year after the registration cancellation, which is May 20, 2020. “Persons other than the registrants (i.e., distributors and end users) may sell, distribute or use existing stocks of products until existing stocks are exhausted, provided that such sale, distribution, or use is consistent with the terms of the previously approved labeling on, or that accompanied, the canceled products”, according to the EPA. In other words, use it if you have it.
    The original letter to cancel the registrations of these products was announced March 25, and was followed by a 30-day public comment period.
    The decision to phase out these chemistries is the result of a long, drawn out legal battle that began in 2013 when a lawsuit was brought against the EPA for approving registrations of dozens of neonicotinoid pesticides from 2007-2012. A California judge in 2017 ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, saying the approval violated the Endangered Species Act. 
    It also is only the beginning. The review process for all neonicotinoids has begun and environmental groups are determined to get all of these chemistries off the market as they come up for reregistration and progress through the public participation process. The only feedback received by the EPA during the public comment period for the 12 products recently affected included one that hinted that the agency’s process of registering synthetic chemicals is broken and another that simply read “good”. Those interested in retaining access to other products in this class that are still available might want to consider exercising their right to do so and speaking out on the benefits of following label instructions.
  • The phrase "money talks" first appeared in the U.S. in 1903 in the pages of the Saturday Evening Post. Since then, it has become part of the American vernacular. 
    Never before has that saying been more true than in the current war waged against one of the country's most popular weed killers. 
    Harrell's dropped it because of insurance liability reasons, Costco reportedly plans to remove it from its shelves and there is a growing list of cities across the country that have banned its use on public property. 
    You have to admit, a $2 billion jury award is quite a wake-up call.
    That is the latest settlement figure in the most recent case involving Roundup and its manufacturer and the California couple who claim the weedkiller caused their non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The award, the third against Monsanto and parent company Bayer since last summer, has gotten the attention of the manufacturer and more than 13,000 others waiting in line to sue the company. It also has gotten the attention of a U.S. District Court judge in California who has nearly 1,000 Roundup-related cases awaiting him.
    On May 22, U.S. District Judge Vince Chhabria of the Northern District of California appointed attorney Kenneth Feinberg as a mediator in the settlement talks between Bayer and the plaintiffs. 
    If his name sounds familiar, it should. Feinberg was involved in administering compensation for victims of Sept. 11, the BP oil spill and plaintiffs in the Volkswagen emissions scandal.
    Lawyers from both sides have been instructed to meet with Feinberg within the next two weeks.
    That same day, Chhabria, who is overseeing litigation against Monsanto nationwide, said the company can choose where upcoming cases will be tried. 
    The World Health Organization in 2015 labeled glyphosate as a probable carcinogen. The EPA says there is no scientific evidence that glyphosate, when used according to label instructions, causes cancer. Juries and public opinion clearly have sided against science and big business, and getting the genie back in the bottle is going to be difficult if not impossible.
    Bayer has said it will take part in the settlement talks, but with 13,000 similar cancer cases pending, the company needs an all-or-nothing win on appeal or runs the risk of being bled dry by future decisions. Stocks have plummeted to the level that the company is worth less today than the $63 billion it paid last year in the takeover of Monsanto. The company told Bloomberg that it plans to focus on defending the safe use of glyphosate. Lawyers for the plaintiffs said they will proceed as planned with litigation if Bayer doesn't come to the table.
    The growing list of municipalities to ban its use on public property has grown to include Satellite Beach and Key West in Florida. And recently Janet Napolitano, the president of the scientist-rich University of California system and the former governor of Arizona and Homeland Security secretary, has temporarily halted its use on all university grounds in a scientist-rich environment.
    Roundup has limited but definite use in the golf industry and is the most popular non-selective herbicide used in U.S. agriculture and recent developments no doubt will foster new research into alternative products, and that is a good thing. After all, money talks.
  • Jaime Bojorquez keeps things running at Westbrook Village GC in Peoria, Arizona. When David Escobedo describes the contributions of equipment manager Jaime Bojorquez to the operation at Westbrook Village Golf Club in Peoria, Arizona, he admits it all sounds a little like a story.
    Bojorquez excels at training new employees, fabricating new tools and implements, and can fix just about anything from a decades-old tractor ready for the scrap heap to a co-workers car. Even mower distributors call him for help and advice in fixing their equipment. And, he's turned down plenty of offers for gigs from competing operations.
    "Jaime is only 34 years old, but his knowledge and experience in equipment repair is way beyond his years," Escobedo said. "We have equipment here that is well past its average life span because Jaime's preventative maintenance program extends the life of the equipment which saves the club thousands of dollars every year. 
    "Jaime also has a heart of gold. He knows many staff members are not financially well off, so he is always quick to lend them a helping hand with their personal vehicles after work or on his days off. He will repair or replace starters, alternators, troubleshoot electrical issues, and just about anything one can think of. The guys try to give him money but he settles for a burger or burrito as payment.
    "Even when I say it, I know it sounds almost unreal. But that's how he is."
    Bojorquez is one of three finalists for the TurfNet Technician of the Year Award, presented by Toro. 
    Criteria on which candidates are judged include: crisis management; effective budgeting; environmental awareness; helping to further and promote the careers of colleagues and employees; interpersonal communications; inventory management and cost control; overall condition and dependability of rolling stock; shop safety; and work ethic. The winner receives the Golden Wrench Award and a spot in next year's Toro Service Training University at the company's headquarters in Bloomington, Minnesota.
    Bojorquez and Escobedo have worked together for a dozen years, and came to Westbrook Village together eight years ago from Palmbrook Country Club.
    Escobedo's successor at Palmbrook tried to convince Bojorquez to stay at the Sun City club.
    "Good technicians are hard to find, and we know he could make more elsewhere," Escobedo said. "He was offered a job with the city with benefits that we couldn't match, so we try to be flexible with his schedule because he has young kids and he likes to pick them up from school and go to their events. 
    "We pay what we can to be competitive. He could go north to Scottsdale and they would snatch him up in a minute. The flexibility is what keeps him here. If he says he has to leave at noon, he's going to leave at noon. That's how valuable he is, but he doesn't take advantage of that. He's humble and hard working."
    When the transmission went out on a 25-year-old tractor, Escobedo thought he was staring either at a big repair bill or a new piece of equipment. Instead, Bojorquez bought the needed parts and had the tractor up and running again in two days.
    "He'd never trained on anything like that, but he it operational again within 48 hours," Escobedo said.
    "He's saved big bucks by bringing back or extending the life of things we thought were done."
    With the 36 holes at Westbrook Village, there always are new employees entering the operation, and Bojorquez has developed his own training program to ensure the staff operates equipment properly and safely, how to clean it when they are finished and how to store it for the next person to use.
    "He's very hands on in that aspect. In fact, I've stepped away from training and I've asked my assistants to step away from it, too and let Jaime train the staff," Escobedo said. "There are certain ways he likes things done, and I'm not a guy who turns wrenches, so we stay the hell out of his way."
    Many equipment managers have a well-earned surly reputation. Bojorquez is the opposite. Whether it is in the clubhouse, pro shop, on the golf course He doesn't talk at people. He talks to them and explains to them why things have to be the way they are."
    Previous winners include (2018) Terry Libbert, Old Marsh Golf Club, Palm Beach Gardens, FL; (2017) Tony Nunes, Chicago Golf Club, Wheaton, IL; (2016) Kris Bryan, Pikewood National Golf Club, Morgantown, WV; (2015) Robert Smith, Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, PA; (2014) Lee Medeiros, Timber Creek and Sierra Pines Golf Courses, Roseville, CA; (2013) Brian Sjögren, Corral de Tierra Country Club, Corral de Tierra, CA; (2012) Kevin Bauer, Prairie Bluff Golf Club, Crest Hill, IL; (2011) Jim Kilgallon, The Connecticut Golf Club, Easton, CT; (2010) Herb Berg, Oakmont (PA) Country Club; (2009) Doug Johnson, TPC at Las Colinas, Irving, TX; (2007) Jim Stuart, Stone Mountain (GA) Golf Club; (2006) Fred Peck, Fox Hollow and The Homestead, Lakewood, CO; (2005) Jesus Olivas, Heritage Highlands at Dove Mountain, Marana, AZ; (2004) Henry Heinz, Kalamazoo (MI) Country Club; (2003) Eric Kulaas, Marriott Vinoy Renaissance Resort, Sarasota, FL.
  • Sean Brownson had plans on becoming a commercial pilot - until he worked the 2009 U.S. Open. There was a time in Sean Brownson's career when it was more likely he would be piloting a plane filled with people on their way to watch one of golf's majors than working at one. That was until the 2009 U.S. Open at Bethpage State Park.
    Then, Brownson was working toward becoming a commercial pilot while also employed as a member of Craig Currier's grounds crew at the course in Farmingdale, New York. It was while working the ‘09 Open on the Black Course won by Lucas Glover that convinced him he was suited for a career in golf.
    "When I worked the 2009 U.S. Open, I got a feel for it," Brownson said. "I loved it.
    "I already had my private pilot's license and was close to finishing my commercial rating. I never finished once I decided to stay in golf."
    Brownson moved into the shop as a mechanic four years after joining the Bethpage staff in 2007. For the past eight years, he has supervised a crew of five mechanics who maintain equipment used to manage five golf courses and the park for director of agronomy Andrew Wilson, the former Bethpage assistant who succeeded Currier.
    Brownson, 32, is one of three finalists for the 2019 TurfNet Technician of the Year Award, presented by Toro.
    Criteria on which candidates are judged by our panel include: crisis management; effective budgeting; environmental awareness; helping to further and promote the careers of colleagues and employees; interpersonal communications; inventory management and cost control; overall condition and dependability of rolling stock; shop safety; and work ethic. The winner receives the Golden Wrench Award and a spot in next year's Toro Service Training University at the company's headquarters in Bloomington, Minnesota.
    Bethpage sees an enormous amount of golfer traffic each year. Some 45,000 rounds per year are played on Black Course alone, and the massive equipment inventory used to maintain the golf courses and park includes more than 300 pieces of mechanized equipment. Each season, about 500 hours are logged on every sprayer, utility vehicle and greens mower. 
    Recently, Brownson oversaw all equipment maintenance during the 2019 PGA Championship.
    "Sean has mastered many tasks, whether troubleshooting string trimmers, rebuilding a Verti-Drain, or repairing and servicing fairway mowers, dump trucks, skid loaders, or whatever the needs of the day are," Wilson wrote in his nomination of Brownson for the Tech of the Year award. "Mr. Brownson handles each well and with the attention to detail that helps our staff provide conditions our golfers enjoy. He also trains our other mechanics whether on the specifics of a job or the thought process involved in making more complex repairs."
    As a mechanic, Brownson knows how equipment is supposed to operate, but his experience on the crew provides some added perspective.
    "Since he was a member of the grounds crew Sean also has a realistic sensibility for how equipment is used and how it must perform," Wilson said.
    What drives Brownson is ensuring that golfers at Bethpage and visitors to the park have the best-possible experience.
    "I just love the park and want to see it at its best every day," he said. "I want the public to see this place as I see it."
    Previous winners include (2018) Terry Libbert, Old Marsh Golf Club, Palm Beach Gardens, FL; (2017) Tony Nunes, Chicago Golf Club, Wheaton, IL; (2016) Kris Bryan, Pikewood National Golf Club, Morgantown, WV; (2015) Robert Smith, Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, PA; (2014) Lee Medeiros, Timber Creek and Sierra Pines Golf Courses, Roseville, CA; (2013) Brian Sjögren, Corral de Tierra Country Club, Corral de Tierra, CA; (2012) Kevin Bauer, Prairie Bluff Golf Club, Crest Hill, IL; (2011) Jim Kilgallon, The Connecticut Golf Club, Easton, CT; (2010) Herb Berg, Oakmont (PA) Country Club; (2009) Doug Johnson, TPC at Las Colinas, Irving, TX; (2007) Jim Stuart, Stone Mountain (GA) Golf Club; (2006) Fred Peck, Fox Hollow and The Homestead, Lakewood, CO; (2005) Jesus Olivas, Heritage Highlands at Dove Mountain, Marana, AZ; (2004) Henry Heinz, Kalamazoo (MI) Country Club; (2003) Eric Kulaas, Marriott Vinoy Renaissance Resort, Sarasota, FL.
  • Ozaukee CC superintendent Brett Hosler, left, says the club is able to compete in a competitive Milwaukee-area market thanks in large part to the efforts of equipment manager Dan Dommer, right. There is plenty of inherent pressure involved in managing playing conditions for choosy golfers. When you are maintaining equipment that was purchased by the late Wayne Otto, there is a little extra pressure to maintain that legacy.
    Otto spent more than 40 years in the turf business, including 35 as the superintendent at Ozaukee Country Club, the historic 1920 William Langford-Theodore Moreau design north of Milwaukee in Mequon, Wisconsin. He was that state's first certified superintendent, and the Wee One Foundation was created in his memory after his death in 2004.
    Ensuring that superintendent Brett Hosler has the tools he needs to maintain that legacy is a lot to live up to. 
    Such is life for equipment manager Dan Dommer, one of three finalists for this year's TurfNet Technician of the Year Award, presented by Toro.
    "An elite and successful golf facility requires many strong employees, working well as a team to achieve elite results," said Hosler. "In my 18 years of experience in the golf course industry, I have never witnessed a more knowledgeable, hard-working and versatile employee as Mr. Dan Dommer. Dan is the type of employee that allows a golf facility to thrive in a saturated market."
    Criteria on which candidates are judged include: crisis management; effective budgeting; environmental awareness; helping to further and promote the careers of colleagues and employees; interpersonal communications; inventory management and cost control; overall condition and dependability of rolling stock; shop safety; and work ethic. The winner receives the Golden Wrench Award and a spot in next year's Toro Service Training University at the company's headquarters in Bloomington, Minnesota.
    Among the pieces from yesteryear is a Toro 5500 sprayer that is a holdover from the Otto era.
    "Wayne Otto bought that at the show in 1997 right off the showroom floor, and it's been here for three decades," Hosler said. "If it goes down, he's right there. I can't think of an issue where if something goes down Dan doesn't have it up and running within an hour."
    Other examples of vintage equipment that continue to hum along at Ozaukee are another sprayer that dates to the 1970s and a five-gang roller from the 1920s that Hosler continues to use today to smooth out fairways.
    "What's old is new again," he said. "Thanks to Dan."
    Dommer is a lot more than just a mechanic. Ozaukee's 100-year-old shop comes with plenty of limitations, including the lack of a lift, often requiring Dommer to take equipment to the family farm to work on it.
    "He has a whatever-it-takes attitude," Hosler said. "It's rare to find someone like that. Whatever needs to happen, he's going to do it. If we're topdressing fairways, he'll stay late and do it. If we need him to mow, he'll do it. Wherever we need him to fill it, he adapts to any situation."
    At the start of each season, Dommer conducts a training class for returning and new employees, and meets regularly with Hosler to plan out each week's maintenance schedule.
    "Perhaps the most important Dan possesses is the work ethic learned and developed as a farmhand," Hosler said. "He is an excellent planner, fabricator, mechanic, teacher, worker, confidant, problem-solver and friend. His adaptability and work ethic knows no bounds. Dan is an even better person than employee as well; something that no doubt contributes to the success he's achieved thus far. Our club could not function properly without his expertise and we are beyond fortunate to have him on our team at Ozaukee."
    Previous winners include (2018) Terry Libbert, Old Marsh Golf Club, Palm Beach Gardens, FL; (2017) Tony Nunes, Chicago Golf Club, Wheaton, IL; (2016) Kris Bryan, Pikewood National Golf Club, Morgantown, WV; (2015) Robert Smith, Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, PA; (2014) Lee Medeiros, Timber Creek and Sierra Pines Golf Courses, Roseville, CA; (2013) Brian Sjögren, Corral de Tierra Country Club, Corral de Tierra, CA; (2012) Kevin Bauer, Prairie Bluff Golf Club, Crest Hill, IL; (2011) Jim Kilgallon, The Connecticut Golf Club, Easton, CT; (2010) Herb Berg, Oakmont (PA) Country Club; (2009) Doug Johnson, TPC at Las Colinas, Irving, TX; (2007) Jim Stuart, Stone Mountain (GA) Golf Club; (2006) Fred Peck, Fox Hollow and The Homestead, Lakewood, CO; (2005) Jesus Olivas, Heritage Highlands at Dove Mountain, Marana, AZ; (2004) Henry Heinz, Kalamazoo (MI) Country Club; (2003) Eric Kulaas, Marriott Vinoy Renaissance Resort, Sarasota, FL.
  • With Mount Hood in the background, the Great Blue Course at city-owned Heron Lakes in Portland, Oregon, is a 1992 Robert Trent Jones Jr. design. History says for every municipal golf operation that operates successfully, there are two that do not. 
    City- and county-owned courses in Cincinnati and Hamilton County in Ohio as well as Chicago and Cook County in Illinois are just two examples of successful municipal golf operations. Then there is Portland, Oregon.
    During the worst recession in decades, the U.S. auto industry was deemed "too big to fail", prompting a publicly funded bailout. On a similar, but smaller scale, municipal golf in Portland, too, was viewed by city officials as too big to fail and two years ago received its own infusion of public dollars. It failed anyway.
    Unlike the domestic auto industry which revived quite nicely thanks to a $70 billion boost by taxpayers, Portland's five golf courses are virtually bankrupt today despite an $800,000 bailout by taxpayers in 2017, according to a report by city auditor Mary Hull Caballero, who said the city's golf system is "at a crossroads." The auditor did not take issue with those managing the properties, but had stern words for city officials whom she says have been "lax" in overseeing a public resource. She went on to say that changes were needed to ensure long-term sustainability of the city's golf program, and even assigned that title to her report.
    "While Parks has taken steps to cut costs and increase the number of golfers, it is fighting a national trend of a sport in decline and past ineffective program management," the auditor wrote in her report. "Many of the factors that led to the funding shortfall in 2017 remain in place. To ensure the golf program is viable for the long term, we recommend that parks and recreation: develop alternative financial forecast scenarios and present them to city council for direction on how to proceed; negotiate contracts to reflect current conditions; improve contract monitoring; present contracts to city council for approval and renewal."
    The lesson seems to be: run it like a business, not like a government entity, which is a difficult concept for some public officials to comprehend.
    Portland has offered municipal golf for more than a century. Its five courses, Heron Lakes, Eastmoreland, RedTail, Rose City and Colwood, are intended to be self-supporting entities, but had been operating at a loss for three straight years when the city council infused the golf program with $800,000 in 2017. 
    Portland's population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, has climbed by 22 percent in the past two decades, from 529,000 in 2000 to 647,000. Rounds played at the city-owned courses is down 6 percent in the past five years and 46 percent in the last 25 years. About 2,000 golf courses have closed in the past 13 years, and a large chunk of those have been municipal properties.
    Portland's golf courses are on the precipice of becoming one of those industry statistics that no one envies.
    The operating budget for the five properties in 2018 was $9.6 million, including more than $3 million in salaries and benefits and more than $1 million in administrative costs, according to the auditor. Payment on the Colwood course that the city bought in 2014 is due in four years. 
    The city's golf program is now just about bankrupt, leaving city officials wondering what to do next. Vulnerable and strapped for cash is an unenviable position for a stable of courses that are expected to be self-sufficient and are struggling to attract golfers in a time of industry decline. 
    Wrote the auditor: "To remain self-supporting, the program must achieve positive results with the factors it can control to withstand factors outside its control. Despite making improvements, the program faces challenges that threaten its ability to increase revenue."
    Four years ago, the city's golf program started outreach programs to attract women and minorities and also has incorporated Foot Golf, but the city doesn't have data on whether any or all of these initiatives are working.
    Mandatory marketing plans and performance reviews have not been initiated. Maintenance contracts also require the city to pay for normal wear and tear and repairs, which the city has not done. And the list of deferred maintenance projects, like replacing old window and roof repair is growing while cash in reserve is shrinking.
    Parks director Adena Long wrote a response letter saying: "While maintenance of aging facilities remains a challenge, the Golf Program continues to be a good investment for Portlanders. PP&R's courses consistently generate operating surpluses and provide valuable ecosystem services over 800 acres of open space and natural area."
    The hands-off approach by the city has left all five courses to operate as separate entities, the auditor said, which has been to the detriment of the city golf program as a whole.
    The auditor advises the parks department do a better job at negotiating and monitoring contracts, defining its golf program and says it will have to come up with all new (and realistic) financial forecasting.
    To determine whether the city golf operation was being managed correctly and could be a sustaining entity, the auditor's office consulted golf industry reports, reviewed golf industry maintenance standards, interviewed staff, combed through all reports and financial documents, reviewed industry trends and consulted with industry partners. In short, the auditor's office did everything the city's parks officials should be doing on a regular basis, but according to the auditor, have not.
  • Talk about being codependent. Is there a better example of two species more reliant on each other than people and honey bees?
    Each depends on the other for its very existence. People rely on honey bees to pollinate agricultural crops. The bees, which have been domesticated for thousands of years and kept as livestock for the past several decades, depend on people to manage colonies in the face of declining habitat and exposure to parasites. 
    Suffice to say, without the other, each faces a grim future. Some bee experts, however, are hopeful that in time bee populations could develop resistance, either naturally or through selection, to parasites that threaten to wipe out domesticated colonies every year. They also say there are easy ways for golf course superintendents to provide natural food sources that bees find irresistible. 
    There are about 20,000 bee species found worldwide. About 5,000 of those are found in North America. Many species worldwide already are extinct.
    The varroa mite that parasitizes European honey bees across the U.S. is an invasive species in North America. The tiny bug, also known as the varroa destructor, feeds on the bee's fat deposits. The weakened bee becomes susceptible to diseases, like deformed wing virus, that can wipe out entire colonies. It was introduced to European bees more than 100 years ago when Russians brought that species to eastern Asia. After jumping species, the mites have been plaguing bee colonies in the U.S. since the 1980s, said Ohio State University entomologist Reed Johnson, Ph.D., an expert in apiculture and pollinator toxicology.
    Research indicates that European bees in other parts of the world have begun to slowly develop resistance to the varroa mite during the past 100 years. 
    "European bees have developed some resistance, and there is work taking place to develop that resistance in the U.S. That is a promising avenue," Johnson said. "If that happened here, that would be wonderful."
    Johnson believes that if left alone, bees probably could develop resistance to the varroa mite over the next several years. Agricultural needs, however, make that impossible. 
    "They would develop good, strong resistance to mites, and they could do that through selection," Johnson said. "We would probably see a rebound in their numbers within a decade. If we all could give up using them for a decade, it's likely their problems would be solved. But we can't do that, the agriculture industry depends on them too much."

    The number of bee colonies being raised on golf courses is a mere drop in the bucket of the domesticated bee population of 2.6 million colonies, Johnson said. Most of those colonies spend much of the year being trucked around the country to pollinate food crops. For example, 2.1 million colonies are sent each year to California just to pollinate the state's almond crop. That practice is a constant source of stress for bees, which, except for the queen, only live about six weeks anyway.
    "Bees are a big deal and they're big business. There is big money in commercial pollination," Potter said. "Travel is stressful, they're confined together on trucks. It affects their immune system and makes them more susceptible to disease.
    "There is an opportunity to get on the right side of this issue."
    Other threats include pesticides, including neonicotinoids, and researchers at the University of Texas suggest that glyphosate affects the bee's natural ability to produce beneficial bacteria, and adversely affecting its immune system. On May 20, the EPA canceled registration on a dozen neonicotinoids that all include the active ingredients chlothianidin or thiamathoxam. 
    There are opportunities for golf course superintendents and others to help bee populations that fall short of establishing hives on the property, said University of Kentucky entomologist Dan Potter, Ph.D., recipient of the 2010 USGA Green Section Award and the architect of the first Operation Pollinator project in the U.S.
    Something as simple as planting clover can provide much-needed habitat for bees, which can travel several miles in search of pollen. And when they find a field they like they have a special dance that tells other bees the direction of the field's location in relation to the sun and its distance from the hive.
    "Honey bees are very choosy," Johnson said. "There are particular plants they go to.
    "It sounds simple, but clover is an incredibly important plant. The more we get out there, the better it will be for the bees."
    Out-of-play areas on golf courses provide a natural food source without the commitment of establishing colonies. Linden trees also are a favorite food source for bees.
    "Any superintendent worth his salt is not going to allow spray drift onto roughs and they're not typically spraying clover," Potter said. 
    "The EPA is going to take a close look at these pesticides that might or might not affect bees. If we use them, and not use them in a crazy way, we can still have a pleasant space in our back yards and on our golf courses and make it hospitable to urban wildlife and pollinators."

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